Consider a plane wave incident on a multilayered planar anisotropic structure composed of conventional materials and metamaterials and surround by two half-spaces. In this paper, we aim to prove three theorems which indicate a kind of duality in these structures. Assume an arbitrarily polarized plane wave obliquely incident on the structures. Theorem 1: Assume that an arbitrarily polarized plane wave is obliquely incident on the structure. Now each layer is filled with by dual media according to the interchanges DPS ↔ DNG and ENG ↔ MNG. Then, the reflection (R) and transmission (T) coefficients of the structure become the complex conjugates of their counterparts. Consequently, the reflected power and transmitted power from the structure are the same for the two dual cases of anisotropic media. Theorem 2: If the interchanges DPS ↔ DNG and ENG ↔ MNG are made in all the layers except in the half spaces on the two sides of the multilayer structure (which is more realizable), then the reflection coefficients become complex conjugates and the reflected power remains the same. Theorem 3: If the structure is backed by a perfect electric conductor and the media interchanges DPS ↔ DNG and ENG ↔ MNG are made in the layers, then the reflection coefficients of the two dual structures become complex conjugates of each other, and the reflected powers are equal. Independent of wave frequency, the number of layers, their thickness, and the type of polarization, these theorems hold true in case of any change in any of these conditions. In the last section, some examples are provided to verify the validity of the proposed theorems.

We incorporate high-order symplectic time integrators into multiresolution time domain (MRTD) schemes. The stability and numerical dispersion analysis are presented. The proposed scheme preserves the symplectic structure of Maxwell's equations and can be easily implemented in program codes. Compared to Runge-Kutta (RK)-MRTD, the suggested scheme is more accurate in long-term simulations and requires less computational resource.

In this paper a novel synthesis procedure is presented to achieve optimum solution for UWB filter parameters. It is found that the narrowband approximation is not valid for any arbitrary powered rational type filtering function. For wider bandwidths frequency dependent terms have significant effects on the frequency response. Hence, extracted filtering function cannot be mapped to generalize Chebyshev polynomials. This paper will provide exact synthesis procedure for step impedance resonators (SIR's) type UWB bandpass filters. To validate the synthesis procedure prototypes are designed and fabricated. Simulated and measured results show good agreement with proposed theory.

In this paper, we propose a method to use 1-D dielectric slabs, instead of metallic Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs), to produce Partially Reflective Surfaces (PRSs) with positive reflection phase gradients. The structure is realized by a single kind of dielectric substrate. It is modeled as cascaded transmission lines and then analyzed by virtue of the Smith Chart from the perspective of impedance transformation. A PRS designed by this approach is then applied to the realization of a wideband EBG resonator antenna operating at Ku band which is fed by a slot-coupled patch antenna. The calculated results indicate that the antenna possesses a relative 3 dB gain bandwidth of 22%, from 14.1 GHz to 17.6 GHz, with a peak gain of 17 dBi. The impedance bandwidth for the reflection coefficient (S₁₁) less than -10 dB, is from 14 GHz to 17.7 GHz, well covering the 3 dB gain bandwidth. A prototype has been fabricated and measured, and the experimental results well validate the simulation. The design method developed here is significantly effective, and can be easily adopted for antenna designs at other frequencies.

Dual-band metamaterial absorber (MA) with polarization independency based on omega (Ω) resonator with gap and octa-star strip (OSS) configuration is presented both numerically and experimentally. The suggested MA has a simple configuration which introduces flexibility to adjust its metamaterial (MTM) properties and easily re-scale the structure for other frequencies. In addition, the dual-band character of the absorber provides additional degree of freedom to control the absorption band(s). Two maxima in the absorption are experimentally obtained around 99% at 4.0 GHz for the first band and 79% at 5.6 GHz for the second band which are in good agreement with the numerical simulations (99% and 84%, respectively). Besides, numerical simulations validate that the MA could achieve very high absorption at wide angles of incidence for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) waves. The proposed MA and its variations enable myriad potential applications in medical technologies, sensors, modulators, wireless communication, and so on.

Since the system-level package was proposed, the electronics industry has increasingly attached importance to both directly relevant and related issues, and the scope of system-level package use has increased. Creating more complex system-level package structures, thereby leading to the design of overall electrical effects, requires more electromagnetic simulation resources, and therefore a great deal of time in the design process. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of system-level packaging, and to establish systems-in-package in accordance with electrical specifications. Using a segmented approach, this paper also builds an overall model for designers to predict electrical characteristics, thus shortening the product development schedule. In this paper, the transmission effects of a substrate are analyzed by changing the length of the substrate transmission line, with or without a thermal ground ball and ground ring. Previously established package IP are cascaded to establish the model of the package substrate, which verifies the feasibility of the package IP. We then analyze the characteristics of the interference between chips and package using an integrated passive device, and propose a complete package equivalent circuit model.

One of the most promising alternative imaging modalities for breast cancer detection involved the use of microwave radar systems. A critical component of any radar-based imaging system for breast cancer detection is the early-stage artifact removal algorithm. Many existing artifact removal algorithms are based on simplifying assumptions about the degree of commonality in the artifact across all channels. However, several real-world clinical scenarios could result in greater variation in the early-stage artifact, making the artifact removal process much more difficult. In this study, a range of existing artifact removal algorithms, coupled with algorithms adapted from Ground Penetrating Radar applications, are compared across a range of appropriate performance metrics.

In this study, we suggest and experimentally validate a methodology for fast and optimized design of dual-band implantable antennas for medical telemetry (MICS, 402-405 MHz, and ISM, 2400-2480 MHz). The methodology aims to adjust the design of a parametric dual-band antenna model towards optimally satisfying the requirements imposed by the antenna-fabrication procedure and medical application in hand. Design is performed in a systematic, fast, and accurate way. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed methodology is applied to optimize the parametric antenna model for intra-cranial pressure (ICP) monitoring given a specific antenna-fabrication procedure. For validation purposes, a prototype of the optimized antenna is fabricated and experimentally tested. The proposed antenna is further evaluated within a 13-tissue anatomical head model in terms of resonance, radiation, and safety performance for ICP monitoring. Extensive parametric studies of the optimized antenna are, finally, performed. Feasibility of the proposed parametric antenna model to be optimally re-adjusted for various scenarios is demonstrated, and generic guidelines are provided for implantable antenna design. Dual-band operation is targeted to ensure energy autonomy for the implant. Finite Element (FE) and Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations are carried out in homogeneous rectangular and anatomical head tissue models, respectively.

The propagation of light in an anisotropic impedance-matched metamaterial is studied in the frame of geometrical optics. We prove that directions of fields D, B and v (ray velocity) are a triad of conjugate directions with respect to the inverse relative dielectric permittivity tensor and constitutes a local basis, whose reciprocal one is formed by directions of E, H fields and wave-vector k. Consequently, both dual bases are intrinsically related to the physical properties of medium. We have identified these bases with direct and reciprocal bases of a curvilinear coordinates system, showing that physics defines geometry. This identification provides a powerful tool to solve two kinds of problems (direct and inverse ones) that currently arise: In direct problems, medium properties are given and it suffices to know ε = μ tensor at every point, to obtain the wave structure. In inverse problems, medium properties must be found for the rays to propagate along prescribed trajectories. The procedure is applied to an illustrating example.

In this paper, the equivalent cable bundle method (ECBM), an efficient simplified modeling method of the complex cable bundles, is modified for crosstalk prediction of complex cable bundles within uniform structure with arbitrary cross section. The foremost attributes of the modified method are a) the cable bundle within uniform structure with arbitrary cross section can be mapped to equivalent cable bundle above an infinite perfect electric conductor ground plane during the equivalence procedure, b) the culprit and victim conductors are divided into two groups separately during the grouping process, denoted as the culprit group and victim one, which do not participate in the equivalence procedure compared with the original ECBM for crosstalk problem, c) an effective eight-phase procedure is established to define the electrical and geometrical characteristics of the reduced cable bundle model. Numerical simulations performed on a selected cable bundle surrounded by a rectangular cavity illustrate the efficiency and the advantages of the method. This method is considered as a key step for the ECBM to find wide applications in real systems.

This paper proposes a novel method to make large area metamaterials on arbitrary planar hard or flexible substrates, in-situ. The method is based on painting the desired substrate with metallic and dielectric paints through a patterned stencil mask. We demonstrate this painting approach to fabricate ultra-thin perfect electromagnetic absorbers based on metamaterials at X-band frequencies (8-12 GHz) with paper based stencils, silver ink and latex paint. Measurement results on absorber samples made with this process shows absorption of 95%-99%, in close agreement with simulation results. The proposed painting approach is a simple low cost additive manufacturing process that can be used to realize metamaterial based frequency selective surfaces and filters, radar absorbers, camouflage screens, electromagnetic sensors and EMI protection devices.

In this paper, we investigate an expectation-maximization (EM) maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm of direction finding (DF) for bistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, where it is shown that the DF problem can be described as a special case of ML estimation with incomplete data. First, we introduce the signal and the noise models, and derive the ML estimations of the direction parameters. Considering the computational complexity, we make use of the EM algorithm to compute the ML algorithm, referred to EM ML algorithm, which can be applied to the arbitrary antenna geometry and realize the auto-pairing between direction-of-departures (DODs) and direction-of-arrivals (DOAs). Then the initialization is considered. In addition, both the convergence and the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) analysis are derived. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the potential and asymptotic efficiency of this approach for MIMO radar systems.

This paper focuses on the fluctuating target detection in low-grazing angle using Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems with widely separated antennas, where the multipath effects are very abundant. The performance of detection can be improved via utilizing the multipath echoes, which is equivalent to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by using multipath echoes. First, the reflection coefficient considering the curved earth effect is derived. Then, the general signal model for MIMO radar is introduced for fluctuating target in low-grazing angle. Using the Neyman-Pearson sense, the detectors of fluctuating targets, i.e., Swerling 1-4, with multipath are analyzed. Finally, the simulation results show that the performance can be enhanced markedly when the multipath effects are considered.

During the last decade, selective photonic crystal filters have received much research interest in the fields of nanotechnology and optical interconnection network. The main focus of this paper consists of an analysis and a synthesis of one-dimensional photonic crystal selective filters. The optimization is performed by employing the simulated annealing algorithm. The filters synthesis is obtained by acting on the Bragg grating layer widths. Simulated annealing is applied to solve the PhC-1D filters synthesis problem in order to reduce the quadratic error and to obtain a desired transmission according to a Gaussian function defined in advance by the user. Starting from the Maxwell's equations for dielectric nonmagnetic structure, we show the derivation of the Helmholtz equation and find its solution for 1D layered structure. In addition, the boundary conditions and equation transformation to set of linear equations which are solved using Cramer‟s method are described thoroughly. This mathematical technique is then applied for computation of the transmission spectra of 1D perfectly periodic structure and structures with different defects. These results can be easily applied for design of selective filters.

A highly efficient asymmetrical GaN Doherty power amplifier using traditionalλ/4 transmission line and an asymmetrical GaN Doherty power amplifier(DPA) using composite right/left-handed transmission lines(CRLH-TL) for linearity improvement are presented in this paper.The CRLH-TL is designed to suppress the second harmonic of the output of the carrier amplifier. This DPA using CRLH-TL is designed for 3.5 GHz LTE-Advanced Application with 100 MHz bandwidth and 37 dBm average output power, the carrier and peaking amplifiers are fabricated with the same 30 W GaN HEMT and unevenly driven in purpose of maintaining high efficiency at back-off power (BOP) region. At 9-dB and 6-dB BOP, the DE achieves 30% and 40.1%, respectively, and the adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR) are less than-37.1 dBc for 40 MHz 16 QAM signal at 37 dBm. In addition, the further linearization of the DPA is realized by using digital pre-distortion(DPD), the ACPRs are improved to-49.6 dBc for 40 MHz 16 QAM signal.The measured results show linearity improvement compared with the traditional DPA.

A novel quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) resonator with back-to-back triangular complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) etched on the waveguide surface is proposed in this paper. The proposed CSRR structures allow the implementation of a forward-wave passband propagating with high selectivity below the characteristic cutoff frequency of the conventional QMSIW. Utilizing the property of flexible open structure on QMSIWs' two sides, a cascaded quadruplet (CQ) bandpass filter (BPF) using the proposed QMSIW resonator and proximity coupling structure is presented. Compared with some other reported BPFs with SIW technique, the presented BPF using the novel QMSIW resonator has great improvements on size reduction and selectivity, simultaneously, with simple geometry. At the center frequency of 3.7 GHz, the designed BPF filter achieves a wideband with a fractional bandwidth up to 24.3% and a high selectivity with a shape factor of 1.23. The compact dimension of this filter is as small as 0.36λ_g×0.36λ_g, where λ_g is the guide wavelength at the center frequency. The proposed filter is simulated, fabricated and tested. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation.

We present a new composite material containing calcium alginate microspheres incorporated into an epoxy matrix. The new material is mechanically stable and does not degrade over time. Its di-electric properties are extracted by model calculations and compared to the properties of some selected human tissues. Good agreement is observed, which identies the proposed composite material as a good candidate for the use as a phantom material. The presented material is a two component composite and it is shown how its effective properties can be predicted by using appropriate mixing formulas.

A technique for magnetic resonance brain image classification using perceptual texture features, fuzzy weighting and support vector machines is proposed. In contrast to existing literature which generally classify the magnetic resonance brain images into normal and abnormal classes, classification with in abnormal brain which is relatively hard and challenging problem is addressed here. Texture features along with invariant moments are extracted and the weights are assigned to each feature to increase classification accuracy. Multi-class support vector machine is used for classification purpose. Results demonstrate that the classification accuracy of the proposed scheme is better than the state of the art existing techniques.

In this paper, a 3-D unconditionally stable meshless method is introduced to simulate time-domain electromagnetic problems. It combines the conventional radial point interpolation method (RPIM) and weighted decaying Laguerre polynomials together to discrete Maxwell's differential equations. The new method called Laguerre-RPIM retains the advantages of both the node-based meshless method and the unconditionally stable scheme of weighted Laguerre polynomials. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified through two numeral examples. It can be seen from the computational results that the proposed method has a high accuracy and still remains stable when time step is 10 times of the Courant stability condition. Computational cost can be saved by more than 70% compared with the conventional RPIM method.

A new wideband magneto-electric dipole antenna using coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of a pair of horizontal triangular patches and two vertically oriented L-shaped strips. By introducing triangular patches working as an electric dipole, the antenna can operate in a wide band. With the use of L-shaped strips equivalent to a magnetic dipole, the antenna is low in profile. A microstrip feed line is located between the two L-shaped strips to form a coplanar waveguide structure and excite the antenna. By carefully adjusting the gap between the feed line and the strips, the impedance bandwidth can be improved largely. A parametric study is performed to provide information for designing and optimizing such an antenna. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results show that the impedance bandwidth for SWR less than 2 of the proposed antenna is 58.7% (1.95-3.57 GHz). Due to the complementary nature of the antenna, the proposed antenna has a unidirectional radiation pattern with low-polarization and low back-lobe radiation over the whole operating band. Furthermore, the gain of the antenna is stable across the entire bandwidth.