Power microwave was adopted to heat asphalt mixes with carbonyl iron powder (CIP) by its microwave absorbing characteristics. The Arch reflectivity system was employed for reflectivity tests in the frequency range of 2.0~4.0 GHz, and road properties of the asphalt mixes with different heating techniques were studied. The results indicate that 30 mm thickness of the asphalt mixes with the ratio of CIP absorber to asphalt 0.1 : 1.5, can effectively absorb microwave with a -19.1 dB absorbing peak at 2.45 GHz frequency. Microwave heating rate for asphalt mixes with CIP is 16 times higher than that for ordinary asphalt mixes. Microwave heating can enhance road properties of the asphalt mixes, such as Marshall stability, flow value, dynamic stability and splitting strength at low temperature to a certain extant when the ratio of CIP absorber to asphalt is from 0.1 : 1.5 to 0.3 : 1.5.

The performance of complementary ESD/Lightning protection devices being exposed to EMP was studied. We studied protection devices such as GDT (Gas Discharge Tube), TVS (Transient Voltage suppressor), and Varistor. The EMP signal has a very fast rise time of 100 psec and the maximum peak voltage of 2 kV. The GDT could not protect the EMP signal. The varistor showed about 35% of protection ability, and the TVS showed about 50% of protection ability. Thus the GDT is not a proper device to protect EMP. However, all of the protection devices did not show their nonlinear property.

The electromagnetic scattering of the synthesized three-dimensional (3-D) breaking wave crests which are formed by azimuthally aligning the individual 2-D breaking wave profiles has been numerically studied at the low-grazing angles (LGA) by using the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) with adaptive higher order hierarchical Legendre basis functions. Different from the specular (or quasi-specular) reflection and Bragg scattering, the ``sea-spike'' phenomenon which is characterized by that horizontally polarization (HH) signals greatly exceed vertically polarization (VV) signals has been demonstrated by analyzing both the backscattering of 3-D LONGTANK series and a plunging breaker. For the time-dependent evolution of the plunging breaker, the Doppler shifts and Doppler splitting effects are investigated by applying the fast Fourier transform (FFT) with a moving Hamming window. The spectrum of HH scattering has the feature of concentration, while the spectrum of VV scattering shows the Doppler splitting effects.

Existing focusing techniques for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) rely on migration of 2D or 3D images to remove clutter originating from objects laterally offset from the antenna. In applications requiring real-time focusing, a method operating on 1D trace data is required. This paper presents a new algorithm for focusing GPR images, the Vertical Offset Filter (VOF), using simulated and real GPR data.

It is well-known that the choice of the auxiliary surface and the arrangement of radiation centers play a decisive role for ensuring accuracy and stability of the method of auxiliary sources (MAS). Using level set technique, a numerical scheme is proposed to determine the optimal location and amplitudes of the auxiliary sources for three-dimensional scattering problems.

A low-loss passive metamaterial exhibiting negative refractive index or ``double negative'' electromagnetic properties at microwave frequencies is proposed. The metamaterial is a lattice of spherical particles made up of multiple dielectric materials in concentric layers. Because no magnetic constituents (that tend to have higher losses) are involved, the negative-index behavior is possible with very low values of attenuation. A negative-index metamaterial based on dielectric-coated metal spheres is also proposed, and is predicted to have lower attenuation than other structures based on metallic scatterers. Numerical results and design principles are given.

A dual-frequency cloak based on lumped LC-circuits is proposed. Multiple LC-resonant tanks are employed to satisfy the specific conditions for dual-frequency operations. In this way, the designed cloak features greatly reduce scattering cross sections at the two working frequencies simultaneously. Besides, explicit design equations are derived for the developed circuit systems. Based on these formulas, the range of the realizable frequency ratio of the presented cloak (the ratio between the two operating frequencies) is discussed. To verify the theoretical predictions, full-wave electromagnetic simulations are implemented. Good consistency between the numerical results and the design theories is achieved.

Inferring refractivity profiles from radar sea clutter is a complex nonlinear optimization problem. Previous works treat this problem as a model parameter estimation issue by using some idealized refractivity models, such as the Log linear evaporation duct model, bilinear model, and trilinear model, to describe the synoptic structure of the real atmospheric conditions. However, these idealized models can not describe the exact information of the refractivity profile. Rather than estimating a few model parameters, this paper puts forward possibilities of retrieving the refractivity values at each point over height by variational adjoint approach for RFC measurement geometry. The adjoint model is derived from the parabolic equation for a smooth, perfectly conducting surface and horizontal polarization conditions. An evaporation duct profile collected at East China Sea is provided as the true refractive environment. The performance of this approach is determined via simulations and is evaluated as a function of: 1) the initial guess profile; 2) the measurement noise; and 3) the spatial samples.

In this paper, a new kind of end-fire array was built by employing high directivity plate end-fire antenna as the basic element based on electromagnetic surface wave theory. Being different from normal end-fire array, in the new array, high directivity plate end-fire antenna elements were arranged end to end along the end-fire direction, and the interelement spacing and uniform progressive phase were carefully adjusted to achieve high directivity. The simulations and measurements showed that the whole array achieved 19.2 dB directivity with four elements at 14.7 dB directivity each.

A coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed planar monopole antenna with triple-band operation for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. The antenna comprises dual rectangular ring with open-end. The triple operating bands with 10-dB return-loss bandwidths of about 30.8% ranging from 2.2 to 2.97 GHz, 23.4% ranging from 3.17 to 3.99 GHz, and 25.4% ranging from 4.91 to 6.31 GHz, covering the required bandwidths of 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and 3.5/5.5\,GHz WiMAX standards, are obtained.

An automatic process to design a multiband filter in Non-uniform Transmission Line (NTL) form is presented. The proposed approach supports with Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique instead of the traditional methods such as methods based on Inductor-Capacitor filters. The proposed method is described step-by-step and is illustrated by an example emphasizing key points. A critical analysis of this technique is done for emphasizing its limitations. For illustrating the design process, a multiband Ultra Wideband (UWB) filter rejecting two frequency bands is designed.

This work presents a light-weight microwave system for the search and rescue of victims trapped under the rubble of collapsed building during an earthquake or other disasters. The proposed system based on a continuous wave X-band radar is able to detect respiratory and heart fluctuations: the information is extracted from the backscattered electromagnetic field exploiting independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm which provides an efficient noise and clutter cleaning. The proposed rescue radar is compact enough to be mounted onboard of a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in order to reach inaccessible or dangerous areas. The obtained experimental results show that the proposed detection method is able to successfully locate trapped victims with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

A new method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectors appearing in the Characteristic Mode Theory is presented in this paper. The challenge here is that the spectral decomposition of the moment impedance-matrix doesn't always produce well ordered eigenmodes. This issue is addressed particularly to finite numerical accuracy and slight nonsymmetry of the frequency-dependent matrix. At specific frequencies, the decomposition problem might be ill-posed and non-uniquely defined as well. Hence an advanced tracking procedure has been developed to deal with noisy modes, non-continuous behavior of eigenvalues, mode swapping etc. Proposed method has been successfully implemented into our in-house Characteristic Mode software tool for the design of microstrip patch antennas and tested for some interesting examples.

A coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a notch band characteristic is presented in the paper. The radiation patch of the proposed UWB antenna is designed using cantor set fractal technology. The bandwidth is broadened by setting two symmetrical triangular tapered corners at the bottom of the wide slot of the proposed UWB antenna. The notched band characteristic is achieved by employing a T-shaped tuning stub at the top of the wide slot. The notched band can be controlled by adjusting the length and the width of the T-shaped tuning stub to give tunable notched band function. The proposed cantor set fractal wide slot UWB antenna has been designed in details and optimized. Experimental and numerical results show that the proposed antenna, with compact size of 26×21 mm², has an impedance bandwidth range from 2.8 GHz to 11 GHz for voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2, except the notch band frequency 5.0 GHz-6.3 GHz for HIPERLAN/2 and IEEE 802.11a (5.1 GHz-5.9 GHz).

This work proposes a symmetrical offset stack coupled lines balun and a dual balun for a single balanced mixer and a star mixer, respectively. To achieve a minimum insertion loss and a maximum bandwidth, the design formulas are derived by properly selecting the width of coupled lines and the offset width between two coupled lines. The measured results of the proposed single and dual baluns achieve the bandwidths of over 110% and 90%, and insertion losses of less than 4.4 dB and 7.4 dB at 38 GHz. These two baluns occupied chip sizes of 0.07 mm². Two balanced diode mixers are further proposed and implemented in tsmc^TM 0.18-μm CMOS processes. These mixers utilize a stack balun feature wide bandwidth with very compact size. The measured results of the single balanced and star mixer achieve over 115% and 100% bandwidth for a conversion loss of <15 dB. The isolations are better than 24 dB from 10 to 65 GHz of the single balance mixer and better than 31 dB from 20 to 65 GHz of the star mixer.

In this paper, design of a coplanar capaciπtive coupled probe fed microstrip ring antenna for dual frequency operation is presented. The proposed antenna is excited by a single probe feed connected to a capacitive feed strip placed along one of the radiating edges of the ring antenna. The coplanar capacitive feed strip is modified to obtain the best possible match with the antenna input impedance and to tune out the excessive capacitive reactance due to feed strip. It is also demonstrated that the modified feed strip can be placed either inside or outside the ring and similar radiation characteristics can be obtained at both the resonant frequencies. Ring dimensions decide the resonant frequencies values and their separation. Measured data fairly agree with the simulated characteristics.

In the distributed small satellites synthetic aperture radar (DSS-SAR), baseline is usually coupled, that is, along-track baseline and across-track baseline exist simultaneously. However, coupling baseline makes it difficult to distinguish phase differences caused by terrain height and Doppler frequency difference. In SAR interferometry (InSAR) geometric model, across-baseline is necessary to bring interferometric phase to estimate terrain height. Oppositely, along-track baseline will bring extra phase difference and dramatically decrease the accuracy of terrain height estimation. Considering the aforementioned problem, this paper focuses on the study of baseline decoupling of DSS-SAR. We firstly analyze the effect of coupling baseline on terrain height estimation, and then propose the method of baseline decoupling through space projection theory. In order to realize baseline decoupling, equivalent slave satellite, equivalent baseline, and equivalent slant range are defined through projecting slave satellite on range-height plane of master satellite. Furthermore, based on our baseline decoupling, an advanced approach of estimating terrain height is presented, which is more effective than traditional InSAR geometric model. Simulation results illuminate that the baseline decoupling can eliminate along-track baseline effect on terrain height estimation effectively and confirm the validity and efficiency of terrain height estimation approach proposed in this paper.

This paper deals with the influence of the AC machine pole number on vibrations and noise of electromagnetic origin. First, rules of design of AC machines are reminded, pointing out the influence of the pole number. Then, the origin of magnetic vibrations and noise is explained. Analytical mechanical relations are given, allowing to estimate vibrations and noise of a machine. After that, the influence of the pole number is studied: on the machine radius, on the stator deformations, on the mechanical resonance frequencies and on the noise. The conclusions underline that machines with high pole number have stator vibrations of high amplitude. Calculations compare three machines with different pole number and fed at different frequencies. The conclusion is that, at the same speed and working power, machines with high pole number fed at high frequency are noisier than those with low number of poles fed at low frequency. Practical experiments illustrate these theoretical considerations.

It is proven that for the damped wave equation when the Laplace transforms of boundary value functions ψ(0,t) and (∂ψ(z,t)/∂z)_z=0 of the solution ψ(z,t) have no essential singularities and no branch points, the solution can be constructed with relative ease. In such a case while computing the inverse Laplace transform, the integrals along the segments on the real line are shown to always cancel. The integrals along the circles C_^→ε and C'_^-ε about the point s=-σ/ε determined by the coefficient of the time derivative in the differential equation and point s=0 are shown to vanish unless Laplace transforms of mentioned boundary value functions have poles at these points. If such poles do exist, the problem is nevertheless one of integration along circles about these poles and then setting the radii of these circles equal to zero in the limit.

The paper discusses the reason why the image resolution can be significantly enhanced by the superlens with anti-reflection and phase control coatings (ARPC-superlens) via analyzing the surface plasmons (SPs) modes. ARPC-superlens is an asymmetric structure with finite thickness, in which we first find that there are two asymmetric SPs modes. By comparing the dispersion curve of SPs of ARPC-superlens and the SPs group velocity with their counterparts in the metric ones, we find that the Up Asymmetric Mode and Down Asymmetric Mode are excited within the ARPC-superlens with asymmetric structure. By simulating the aerial images in different SPs modes, the paper also discusses the optimal ratio between the metal slab and the ARPC coatings thickness. The results demonstrate that the subwavelength resolution of ARPC-superlens in Down Asymmetric Mode has been enhanced, when the metal/ARPC thickness ratio is 2:1.