volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, the performances of thinned arrays based on Almost Difference Sets are analyzed in the presence of mutual coupling effects. The geometry under test is composed by thin dipole elements and the arising mutual interactions are modeled by means of the induced EMF method. To assess the robustness of the ADS-based thinning technique also in such a non-ideal case, an extensive numerical analysis is carried out by considering several test cases characterized by different aperture sizes, lattice spacings, and thinning factors. The obtained results show that the peak sidelobe estimators deduced in the ideal case still keep their validity although, as expected, a deterioration usually arises due to the mutual coupling.

1. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Wiley, New York, 1997.

2. Haupt, R. L. and D. H. Werner, Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, Hoboken, NJ,2007.

3. Lo, Y. T., "A mathematical theory of antenna arrays with randomly spaced elements," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 12, No. 3, 257-258, May 1964.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1964.1138220

4. Steinberg, B., "Comparison between the peak sidelobe of the random array and algorithmically designed aperiodic arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 21, No. 3, 366-370, May 1973.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1973.1140493

5. Haupt, R. L., "Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 42, No. 7, 993-999, Jul. 1994.
doi:10.1109/8.299602

6. Lommi, A., A. Massa, E. Storti, and A. Trucco, "Side lobe reduction in sparse linear arrays by genetic algorithms ," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 32, No. 3, 194-196, 2002.
doi:10.1002/mop.10128

7. Caorsi, S., A. Lommi, A. Massa, S. Piffer, and A. Trucco, "Planar antenna array design with a multi-purpose GA-based procedure," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 35, No. 6, 428-430, Dec. 20, 2002.
doi:10.1002/mop.10629

8. Caorsi, S., A. Lommi, A. Massa, and M. Pastorino, "IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.," Peak sidelobe reduction with a hybrid approach based on GAs and difference sets, Vol. 52, No. 4, 1116-1121, Apr. 2004.

9. Donelli, M., S. Caorsi, F. De Natale, M. Pastorino, and A. Massa, "Linear antenna synthesis with a hybrid genetic algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetic Research, Vol. 49, 1-22, 2004.
doi:10.2528/PIER03121301

10. Massa, A., M. Donelli, F. De Natale, S. Caorsi, and A. Lommi, "Planar antenna array control with genetic algorithms and adaptive array theory," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 52, No. 11, 2919-2924, Nov. 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.837523

11. Donelli, M., S. Caorsi, F. De Natale, D. Franceschini, and A. Massa, "A versatile enhanced genetic algorithm for planar array design," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 18, No. 11, 1533-1548, 2004.
doi:10.1163/1569393042954893

12. Mahanti, G. K., N. Pathak, and P. Mahanti, "Synthesis of thinned linear antenna arrays with fixed sidelobe level using real-coded genetic algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 75, 319-328, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07061304

13. Zhang, S., S.-X. Gong, Y. Guan, P.-F. Zhang, and Q. Gong, "A novel iga-edspso hybrid algorithm for the synthesis of sparse arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 89, 121-134, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER08120806

14. Trucco, A. and V. Murino, "Stochastic optimization of linear sparse arrays," IEEE J. Ocean Eng., Vol. 24, No. 3, 291-299, Jul. 1999.
doi:10.1109/48.775291

15. Trucco, A., "Thinning and weighting of large planar arrays by simulated annealing ," IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr., Freq. Control, Vol. 46, No. 2, 347-355, Mar. 1999.
doi:10.1109/58.753023

16. Razavi, A. and K. Forooraghi, "Thinned arrays using pattern search algorithms," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 78, 61-71, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER07081501

17. Lee, K. C. and J. Y. Jhang, "Application of particle swarm algorithm to the optimization of unequally spaced antenna arrays," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 14, 2001-2012, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306779322747

18. Donelli, M., A. Martini, and A. Massa, "A hybrid approach based on PSO and Hadamard difference sets for the synthesis of square thinned arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 57, No. 8, 2491-2495, Aug. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2024570

19. Leeper, D. G., "Isophoric arrays-massively thinned phased arrays with well-controlled sidelobes," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,, Vol. 47, No. 12, 1825-1835, Dec. 1999.
doi:10.1109/8.817659

20., ELEDIA Almost Difference Set Repository, http://www.eledia.-ing.unitn.it/.

21. Kopilovich, L. E. and L. G. Sodin, "Linear non-equidistant antenna arrays based on difference sets," Sov. J. Commun. Technol. Electron., Vol. 35, No. 7, 42-49, 1990.

22. Kopilovich, L. E. and L. G. Sodin, Multielement System Design in Astronomy and Radio Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2001.

23. Oliveri, G., M. Donelli, and A. Massa, "Linear array thinning exploiting almost difference sets," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., In press (available in the IEEE-TAP Forthcoming Articles at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocpreprint.jsp?isnumber=4907023 &punumber=8).

24. Ding, C., T. Helleseth, and K. Y. Lam, "Several classes of binary sequences with three-level autocorrelation," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, Vol. 45, No. 7, 2606-2612, Nov. 1999.
doi:10.1109/18.796414

25. Arasu, K. T., C. Ding, T. Helleseth, P. V. Kumar, and H. M. Martinsen, "IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory,", Vol. 47, No. 7, 2934-2943, Nov. 2001.
doi:10.1109/18.959271

26. Huang, Z., C. A. Balanis, and C. R. Birtcher, "Mutual coupling compensation in UCAs: Simulations and experiment," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 11, 3082-3086, Nov. 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.883989

27. Weile, D. S., E. Michielssen, and , "Integer-coded Pareto genetic algorithm design of antenna arrays," Electron. Lett., Vol. 32, 1744-1745, 1996.
doi:10.1049/el:19961174

28., La Jolla Cyclic Difference Set Repository, http://www.ccrwest.org/diffsets.html.doi:10.1049/el:19961174

Prof. Giacomo Oliveri

Dr. Luca Manica

Prof. Andrea Massa