volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Circular antenna array design is one of the most important electromagnetic optimization problems of current interest. The problem of designing a large multiple concentric planar thinned circular ring arrays of uniformly excited isotropic antennas is considered in this paper. This antenna must generate a pencil beam pattern in the vertical plane along with minimized side lobe level (SLL). In this paper, we present an optimization method based on an improved variant of one of the most powerful real parameter optimizers of current interest, called Differential Evolution (DE). Two sets of different cases have been studied here. First set deals with thinned array design with the goal to achieve number of switched off elements equal to 220 or more. The other set contains design of array while maintaining side lobe level (SLL) below a fixed value. Both set contains two types of design, one with uniform inter-element spacing fixed at 0.5λ and the other with optimum uniform inter-element spacing. The half-power beam width of the synthesized pattern is attempted to maintain fixed at the value equal to that of a fully populated array with uniform spacing of 0.5λ. Simulation results of the designed thinned arrays are compared with a fully populated array for all the cases to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

1. Elliott, R. S., Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd Ed., John Wiley, 2003.
doi:10.1109/9780470544174

2. Dessouky, M. I., H. A. Sharshar, and Y. A. Albagory, "Efficient sidelobe reduction technique for small-sized concentric circular arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 65, 187-200, 2006.
doi:10.2528/PIER06092503 Google Scholar

3. Dessouky, M. I., H. A. Sharshar, and Y. A. Albagory, "Optimum normalized-Gaussian tapering window for side lobe reduction in uniform concentric circular arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 69, 35-46, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER06111301 Google Scholar

4. Dessouky, M., H. Sharshar, and Y. Albagory, "A novel tapered beamforming window for uniform concentric circular arrays," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 14, 2077-2089, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306779322701 Google Scholar

5. Chen, T. B., Y. L. Dong, Y. C. Jiao, and F. S. Zhang, "Synthesis of circular antenna array using crossed particle swarm optimization algorithm," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 13, 1785-1795, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306779292273 Google Scholar

6. Goldberg, D. E., Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning, 41, Addison Wesley, 1989.

7. Kennedy, J. and R. C. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," Proc. IEEE Conf. Neural Networks IV, Piscataway, NJ, 1995.

8. Eberhart, R. C. and Y. Shi, "Particle swarm optimization: Developments, applications and resources," Proc. 2001 Congr. Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 1, 2001. Google Scholar

9. Storn, R. and K. Price, "Differential evolution a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces," J. Global Optimization, Vol. 11, No. 4, 341-359, 1997.
doi:10.1023/A:1008202821328 Google Scholar

10. Storn, R. and K. V. Price, "Differential evolution --- A simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global optimization over continuous spaces," Technical Report TR-95-012, ICSI, http://http.icsi.berkeley.edu/~storn/litera.html, 1995. Google Scholar

11. Das, S., A. Abraham, U. K. Chakraborty, and A. Konar, "Differential evolution using a neighborhood-based mutation operator," IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 13, No. 3, 526-553, Jun. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TEVC.2008.2009457 Google Scholar

12. Mahanti, G. K., A. Chakraborty, and S. Das, "Design of phase-differentiated reconfigurable array antennas with minimum dynamic range ratio," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 5, 262-264, 2006.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2006.875899 Google Scholar

13. Boeringer, D. W. and D. H.Werner, "Particle swarm optimization versus genetic algorithms for phased array synthesis," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 52, No. 3, 771-779, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.825102 Google Scholar

14. Robinson, J. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Particle swarm optimization in electromagnetics," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 52, No. 2, 397-407, Feb. 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.823969 Google Scholar

15. Jin, N. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Advances in particle swarm optimization for antenna designs: Real-number, binary, single-objective and multiobjective implementations," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 3, 556-567, Mar. 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.891552 Google Scholar

16. Mahmoud, K. R., M. I. Eladawy, R. Bansal, S. H. Zainud-Deen, and S. M. M. Ibrahem, "Analysis of uniform circular arrays for adaptive beamforming applications using particle swarm optimization algorithm," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-aided Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 42-52, Jan. 2008.
doi:10.1002/mmce.20265 Google Scholar

17. Li, W.-T., X.-W. Shi, and Y.-Q. Hei, "An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for pattern synthesis of phased arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 82, 319-332, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08030904 Google Scholar

18. Quevedo-Teruel, Ó. and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Ant colony optimization in thinned array synthesis with minimum sidelobe level," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 5, 349-352, 2006.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2006.880693 Google Scholar

19. Mahanti, G. K., N. N. Pathak, and P. K. Mahanti, "Synthesis of thinned linear antenna arrays with fixed sidelobe level using real-coded genetic algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 75, 319-328, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07061304 Google Scholar

20. Razavi, A. and K. Forooraghi, "Thinned arrays using pattern search algorithms," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 78, 61-71, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER07081501 Google Scholar

21. Haupt, R. L., "Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 42, No. 7, 993-999, 1994.
doi:10.1109/8.299602 Google Scholar

22. Haupt, R. L., "Interleaved thinned linear arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 53, No. 9, 2858-2864, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.854522 Google Scholar

23. Schwartzman, L., "Element behavior in a thinned array," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 15, No. 7, 571-572, 1967.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1967.1138989 Google Scholar

24. Pathak, N. N., G. K. Mahanti, S. K. Singh, J. K. Mishra, and A. Chakraborty, "Synthesis of thinned planar circular array antennas using modified particle swarm optimization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 12, 87-97, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERL09090606 Google Scholar

25. Fernández-Delgado, M., J. A. Rodríguez-González, R. Iglesias, S. Barro, and F. J. Ares-Pena, "Fast array thinning using global optimization methods," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 16, 2259-2271, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310793699136 Google Scholar

26. Pathak, N. N., B. Basu, and G. K. Mahanti, "Combination of inverse fast fourier transform and modified particle swarm optimization for synthesis of thinned mutually coupled linear array of parallel halfwave length dipole antennas," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 16, 105-115, 2011. Google Scholar

27. Chatterjee, A., G. K. Mahanti, and N. N. Pathak, "Comparative performance of gravitational search algorithm and modified particle swarm optimization algorithm for synthesis of thinned scanned concentric ring array antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 25, 331-348, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB10080405 Google Scholar

28. Rocca, P. and R. L. Haupt, "Dynamic thinning strategy for adaptive nulling in planar antenna arrays," IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (ARRAY), 995-997, Oct. 12--15, 2010. Google Scholar

29. Zhang, L., Y.-C. Jiao, F.-S. Zhang, and H. Li, "Linear array thinning based on orthogonal genetic algorithm," International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), 1057-1059, May 8--11, 2010. Google Scholar

30. Liang, J. J., A. K. Qin, P. N. Suganthan, and S. Baskar, "Comprehensive learning particle swarm optimizer for global optimization of multimodal functions," IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., Vol. 10, No. 3, 281-295, Jun. 2006.
doi:10.1109/TEVC.2005.857610 Google Scholar

Mr. Pradipta Ghosh

Dr. Swagatam Das