volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper presents a Monte-Carlo multidomainpseudospectral time-domain (MPSTD) algorithmdeveloped for the analysis of scattering from a three dimensional (3D)objectburied below arandom rough surface separating two half spaces. In the development, special attention is paid to the 3Dcomputation domain decomposition and subdomain mapping involving the random rough surfaceas well as the subdomain patching along the rough surface. The Mote-Carlo MPSTD algorithm is then employed to determine the scattering of 3D objects of various shapes and electromagnetic properties; embedded in the lower half space with different permittivity and the roughness of the random rough surface may vary.Sample numerical results are presented, validated, and analyzed.Through the analysis, it is observed that the roughness of the random rough surface and the electromagnetic properties of the lower half space can significantly affect the scattered signature of the buried object.

1. Wang, M.-J., Z.-S. Wu, and Y.-L. Li, "Investigation on the scattering characteristics of Gaussian beam from two dimensional dielectric rough surfaces based on the Kirchhoff approximation," Progress In Electromagnetic Research B, Vol. 4, 223-235, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERB08010903 Google Scholar

2. Guo, L.-X., Y. Liang, J. Li, and Z.-S. Wu, "A high order integral SPM for the conducting rough surface scattering with the tapered wave incidence-TE case," Progress in Electromagnetic Research, Vol. 114, 333-352, 2011. Google Scholar

3. Berginc, G., "Small-slope approximation method: A further study of vector wave scattering from two-dimensional surfaces and comparison with experimental data," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 37, 251-287, 2002.
doi:10.2528/PIER02070603 Google Scholar

4. Lawrence, D. E. and K. Sarabandi, "Electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric cylinder buried beneath a slightly rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 10, 1368-1376, 2002.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.802160 Google Scholar

5. Fiaz, M. A., F. Frezza, L. Pajewski, C. Ponti, and G. Schettini, "Scattering by a circular cylinder buried under a slightly rough surface: The cylindrical-wave approach," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 6, 2834-2842, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2012.2194641 Google Scholar

6. Wang, X. and L.-W. Li, "Numerical characterization of bistatic scattering from PEC cylinder partially embedded in a dielectric rough surface interface: Horizontal polarization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 91, 35-51, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09013001 Google Scholar

7. Zhang, G. F., L. Tsang, and K. Pak, "Angular correlation function and scattering coe±cient of electromagnetic waves scattered by a buried object under a two-dimensional rough surface," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 15, No. 12, 2995-3002, 1998.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.15.002995 Google Scholar

8. Johnson, J. T., "A numerical study of scattering from an object above a rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 48, No. 1, 1361-1367, 2002.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.802152 Google Scholar

9. El-Shenawee, M., C. Rappaport, E. Miller, and M. Silevitch, "3-D subsurface analysis of electromagnetic scattering from penetrable/PEC objects buried under rough surface: Use of the steepest descent fast multipole method (SDFMM)," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 39, No. 6, 1174-1182, 2001.
doi:10.1109/36.927436 Google Scholar

10. El-Shenawee, M., "Scattering from multiple objects buried beneath two-dimensional random rough surface using the steepest decent fast multipole method," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 4, 802-809, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.811096 Google Scholar

11. Ji, W.-J. and C.-M. Tong, "Bistatic scattering from two-dimensional dielectric ocean rough surface with a PEC object partially embedded by using the GSMCG method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 105, 119-139, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10041101 Google Scholar

12. Chen, H. T. and G.-Q. Zhu, "Model the electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional PEC object buried under rough ground by MoM and modi¯ed PO hybrid method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 77, 15-27, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07072202 Google Scholar

13. Ye, H. X. and Y. Q. Jin, "A hybrid analytic-numerical algorithm of scattering from an object above a rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, No. 5, 1174-1180, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2007.892609 Google Scholar

14. Guan, B., J. F. Zhang, X. Y. Zhou, T. J. Cui, and W. Hong, "Electromagnetic scattering from objects above a rough surface using the method of moments with half-space Green's function," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 47, No. 10, 3309-3405, 2009. Google Scholar

15. Li, X.-M., C.-M. Tong, S. H. Fu, and J.-J. Li, "Bistatic electromagnetic scattering from a three-dimensional perfect electric conducting object above a Gaussian rough surface based on the Kirchhoff-Helmoltz and electric field integral equation," Waves in Random and Complex Media, Vol. 21, No. 3, 389-404, 2011.
doi:10.1080/17455030.2011.571725 Google Scholar

16. Hastings, F. D., J. B. Schneider, and S. L. Broschat, "A Monte-Carlo FDTD technique for rough surface scattering," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 13, No. 11, 1183-1191, 1995. Google Scholar

17. Kuang, L. and Y.-Q. Jin, "Bistatic scattering from a three-dimensional object over a randomly rough surface using the FDTD algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 49, No. 11, 2302-2312, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.901846 Google Scholar

18. Li, J., L.-X. Guo, and H. Zeng, "FDTD investigation on the electromagnetic scattering from a target above a randomly rough surface ," Waves in Random and Complex Media, Vol. 18, No. 4, 641-650, 2008.
doi:10.1080/17455030802302134 Google Scholar

19. Dridi, K. H., J. S. Hesthaven, and A. Ditkowski, "Staircase-free finite-difference time-domain formulation for general materials in complex geometries ," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 49, No. 5, 749-756, 2001.
doi:10.1109/8.929629 Google Scholar

20. Hastings, F. D., J. B. Schneider, and S. L. Broschat, "A finite-difference time-domain solution to scattering from a rough pressure-release surface ," Journal of American Acoustic Society, Vol. 102, No. 6, 3394-3400, 1997.
doi:10.1121/1.419581 Google Scholar

21. Liu, Q. H., "The PSTD algorithm: A time-domain method requiring only two cells per wavelength," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 16, No. 3, 158-165, 1997.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19970620)15:3<158::AID-MOP11>3.0.CO;2-3 Google Scholar

22. Taflove, A. and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics the Finite-di®erence Time-domain Method, 3rd Edition, Chapter 17, Advances in PSTD Techniques, Q. H. Liu and G. Zhao, Eds., Artech House, Inc., Norwood, MA, 2005.

23. Yang, B. and J. S. Hesthaven, "A pseudospectral method for time-domain computation of electromagnetic scattering by bodies of revolution," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, No. 1, 132-141, 1999.
doi:10.1109/8.753003 Google Scholar

24. Yang, B. and J. S. Hesthaven, "Multidomain pseudospectral computation of Maxwell's equations in 3-D general curvilinear coordinates," Applied Numerical Mathematics, Vol. 33, 281-289, 2000.
doi:10.1016/S0168-9274(99)00094-X Google Scholar

25. Zhao, G. and Q. H. Liu, "The 2.5-D multidomain pseudospectral time-domain algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 3, 619-627, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.809852 Google Scholar

26. Zhao, G. and Q. H. Liu, "The 3-D multidomain pseudospectral time-domain algorithm for inhomogeneous conductive media," IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 3, 742-749, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.825187 Google Scholar

27. Shi, Y. and C.-H. Liang, "Two dimensional multidomain pseudospectral time-domain algorithm based on alternating-direction implicit method," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54, No. 4, 1207-1214, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.872591 Google Scholar

28. Shi, Y. and C.-H. Liang, "Multidomain pseudospectral time domain algorithm using a symplectic integrator," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 55, No. 2, 433-439, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.889906 Google Scholar

29. Liu, Q. H., "Large-scale simulations of electromagnetic and acoustic measurements using the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 37, No. 2, 917-926, 1999.
doi:10.1109/36.752210 Google Scholar

30. Liu, Q. H. and G.-X. Fan, "Simulations of GPR in dispersive media using a frequency-dependent PSTD algorithm," IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 37, No. 5, 2317-2324, 1999.
doi:10.1109/36.789628 Google Scholar

31. Fan, G. X., Q. H. Liu, and J. S. Hesthaven, "Multidomain pseudospectral time-domain simulations of scattering by objects buried in lossy media," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Sensing, Vol. 40, No. 6, 1366-1373, 2002.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.800272 Google Scholar

32. Liu, W., Y. Dai, H.-Y. Yang, and X.-B. Xu, "Scattering of object buried below random rough surface --- A Monte Carlo pseudospectral time-domain approach," Electromagnetics, Vol. 32, No. 6, 330-344, 2012.
doi:10.1080/02726343.2012.701515 Google Scholar

33. Fan, G.-X. and Q. H. Liu, "A well-posed PML absorbing boundary condition for lossy media," Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 3, 2-5, 2001.

34. Fan, G.-X. and Q. H. Liu, "A strongly well-posed PML in lossy media," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 2, 97-100, 2003. Google Scholar

35. Shi, Y. and C.-H. Liang, "A strongly well-posed PML with unsplit-field formulations in cylindrical and spherical coordinates ," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 19, No. 13, 1761-1776, 2005.
doi:10.1163/156939305775696784 Google Scholar

36. Tsang, L., J. A. Kong, K. H. Ding, and C. O. Ao, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves, (Volume II) Numerical Simulations, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 2001.

37. Papoulis, A., Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1984.

38. Sadiku, M. N. O., Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics, CRC Press, 1992.

Dr. Wei Liu

Dr. Yueyang Dai

Professor Xiao-Bang Xu