volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Thermal effects limit the gain, quality, and stability of high power fiber lasers and amplifiers. In this paper, different values of heat conductive coefficients at the core, the first and second clad with the complete form of the heat transfer equation are considered. A quartic equation was proposed to determine the temperature at the fiber laser surface. Using the surface temperature value, the temperature can be determined at the longitudinal and radial position of the double clad fiber laser. The different definitions of heat sources which were previously presented in articles is used to describe the heat generation at a double clad high pump power fiber laser condition. The results were compared to each other, and the percentage of each factor in heat generation was calculated.

1. Liao, K. H., A. G. Mordovanakis, B. Hou, G. Chang, M. Rever, G. Mourou, J. Nees, and A. Galvanauskas, "Generation of hard X-rays using an ultrafast fiber laser system," Opt. Express, Vol. 15, 13942-13948, 2007.
doi:10.1364/OE.15.013942 Google Scholar

2. Kelson, I. and A. Hardy, "Optimization of strongly pumped fiber lasers," J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 17, 891-897, 1999.
doi:10.1109/50.762908 Google Scholar

3. Zervas, M. N. and C. A. Codemard, "High power fiber lasers: A review," IEEE J. Select. Topic. Quant. Electron., Vol. 20, 0904123, 2014.
doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2321279 Google Scholar

4. Susnjar, P., V. Agrez, and R. Petkovsek, "Photodarkening as a heat source in ytterbium doped fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 26, 6420-642615265-15277, 2018.
doi:10.1364/OE.26.006420 Google Scholar

5. Engholm, M., L. Norin, C. Hirt, S. T. Fredrich-Thorntonc, K. Petermannc, and G. Huberc, "Quenching processes in Yb lasers correlation to the valence stability of the Yb ion," Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 7193, 71931U-1, 2009.
doi:10.1117/12.811977 Google Scholar

6. Ward, B., "Theory and modeling of photodarkening induced quasi static degradation in fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 24, 3488-3501, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OE.24.003488 Google Scholar

7. Ding, M. and P. K. Cheo, "Dependence of ion-pair induced self-pulsing in Er-doped fiber lasers on emission to absorption ratio," IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 8, 1627-1629, 1996.
doi:10.1109/68.544699 Google Scholar

8. Huang, L., H. Zhang, X. Wang, and P. Zhou, "Diode-pumped 1178-nm high-power Yb-doped fiber laser operating at 125 C," IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 8, 1501407, 2016. Google Scholar

9. Brown, D. C. and H. J. Hoffman, "Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers," IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. 37, 207-217, 2001.
doi:10.1109/3.903070 Google Scholar

10. Oron, R. and A. A. Hardy, "Rayleigh backscattering and amplified spontaneous emission in high-power Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 16, 695-801, 1999.
doi:10.1364/JOSAB.16.000695 Google Scholar

11. Kaushal, H. and G. Kaddoum, "Applications of lasers for tactical military operations," Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS, Vol. 5, 20736-20753, 2017. Google Scholar

12. Dong, L. and B. Samson, Fiber Lasers: Basics, Technology, and Applications, CRC Press, printed on acid-free paper, 2017.

13. Shao, H., K. Duan, Y. Zhu, H. Yan, H. Yang, and W. Zhao, "Numerical analysis of Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber lasers based on the temperature-dependent rate equation," Optik, Vol. 124, 4336-4340, 2013.
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.02.017 Google Scholar

14. Yang, J., Y. Wang, Y. Tang, and J. Xu, "Influences of pump transitions on thermal effects of multi-kilowatt thulium-doped fiber lasers,", arXiv:1503.07256v1 [physics.optics], 2015. Google Scholar

15. Baravets, Y., F. Todorov, and P. Honzatko, "High-power thulium-doped fiber laser in an all-fiber configuration," Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 10142, id. 101420G 4, 2016. Google Scholar

16. Wagener, J. L., P. F. Wysocki, M. J. F. Digonnet, H. J. Shaw, and D. J. Digiovanni, "Effects of concentration and clusters in erbium-doped fiber lasers," Opt. Lett., Vol. 18, 2014-2016, 1993.
doi:10.1364/OL.18.002014 Google Scholar

17. Dawson, J. W., M. J. Messerly, R. J. Beach, M. Y. Shverdin, E. A. Stappaerts, A. K. Sridharan, P. H. Pax, J. E. Heebner, C. W. Siders, and C. P. J. Barty, "Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power," Opt. Express, Vol. 16, 13240-13266, 2008.
doi:10.1364/OE.16.013240 Google Scholar

18. Yao, T., J. Ji, and J. Nilsson, "Ultra-low quantum-defect heating in Ytterbium-doped aluminosilicate fibers," J. Lightwav. Technol., Vol. 32, 429-434, 2014.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2013.2290284 Google Scholar

19. Rimington, N. W., S. L. Schieffer, W. Andreas Schroeder, and B. K. Brickeen, "Thermal lens shaping in Brewster gain media: A high-power, diode-pumped Nd:GdVO4 laser," Opt. Express, Vol. 12, 1426-1436, 2004.
doi:10.1364/OPEX.12.001426 Google Scholar

20. Kuznetsov, M. S., O. L. Antipov, A. A. Fotiadi, and P. Megret, "Electronic and thermal refractive index changes in Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 21, 22374-22388, 2013.
doi:10.1364/OE.21.022374 Google Scholar

21. Sabaeian, M. and H. Nadgaran, "Investigation of thermal dispersion and thermally-induced birefringence on high-power double clad Yb:glass fiber laser," International Journal of Optics and Photonics (IJOP), Vol. 2, 25-31, 2008. Google Scholar

22. Kong, F., J. Xue, R. H. Stolen, and L. Dong, "Direct experimental observation of stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering with polarization modes in a fiber amplifier," LET Optica, Vol. 3, 975-978, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OPTICA.3.000975 Google Scholar

23. Kelson, I. and A. A. Hardy, "Strongly pumped fiber lasers," IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. 34, 1570-1577, 1998.
doi:10.1109/3.709573 Google Scholar

24. Xiao, L., P. Yan, M. Gong, W. Wei, and P. Ou, "An approximate analytic solution of strongly pumped Yb-doped double-clad fiber lasers without neglecting the scattering loss," Opt. Commun., Vol. 230, 401-410, 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2003.11.017 Google Scholar

25. Hardy, A., "Signal amplification in strongly pumped fiber amplifiers," IEEE. J. Quant. Electron., Vol. 33, 307-313, 1997.
doi:10.1109/3.555997 Google Scholar

26. Karimi, M. and A. H. Farahbod, "Improved shooting algorithm using answer ranges definition to design doped optical fiber laser," Opt. Commun., Vol. 324, 212-220, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2014.03.013 Google Scholar

27. Hu, X., T. Ning, L. Pei, and W. Jian, "Novel shooting method with simple control strategy for fiber lasers," Optik, Vol. 125, 1975-1979, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.09.077 Google Scholar

28. Luo, Z., C. Ye, G. Sun, Z. Cai, M. Si, and Q. Li, "Simplified analytic solutions and a novel fast algorithm for Yb3+-doped double-clad fiber lasers," Opt. Commun., Vol. 277, 118-124, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2007.03.053 Google Scholar

29. Digonnet, M. J. F., "Theory of superfluorescent fiber lasers," J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 4, 1631-1639, 1986.
doi:10.1109/JLT.1986.1074661 Google Scholar

30. Desurvire, E., Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications, Wiley, New York, 1994.

31. Karimi, M., N. Granpayeh, and M. K. Moravvej Farshi, "Analysis and design of the dye doped polymer optical fiber amplifiers," Appl. Physics B, Vol. 78, 387-396, 2004.
doi:10.1007/s00340-003-1390-5 Google Scholar

32. Brunet, F., Y. Taillon, P. Galarneau, and S. Larochelle, "Practical design of double-clad Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers using Giles parameters," IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. 40, 1294-1300, 2004.
doi:10.1109/JQE.2004.833223 Google Scholar

33. Yan, P., X. Wang, Y. Huang, C. Fu, J. Sun, Q. Xiao, D. Li, and M. Gong, "Fiber core mode leakage induced by refractive index variation in high-power fiber laser," Chin. Phys. B, Vol. 26, 034205, 2017.
doi:10.1088/1674-1056/26/3/034205 Google Scholar

34. Agrawal, G. P., Fiber-optic Communication Systems, 3rd Ed., A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.
doi:10.1002/0471221147

35. Karimi, M., "Optimization of core size in erbium doped holey fiber amplifiers," Optik, Vol. 125, 2780-2783, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.11.054 Google Scholar

36. Prudenzano, F., "Erbium-doped hole-assisted optical fiber amplifier: Design and optimization," J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 23, 330-340, 2005.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2004.838808 Google Scholar

37. Marcuse, D., "Loss analysis of single-mode fiber splices," The Bell System Technology Journal, Vol. 56, 703-718, 1977.
doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1977.tb00534.x Google Scholar

38. Leproux, P. and S. Fevrier, "Modeling and optimization of double-clad fiber amplifiers using chaotic propagation of the pump," Optical Fiber Technol., Vol. 6, 324-339, 2001.
doi:10.1006/ofte.2001.0361 Google Scholar

39. Kouznetsov, D. and J. V. Moloney, "Highly efficient, high-gain, short-length, and power-scalable incoherent diode slab-pumped fiber amplifier/laser," IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. 39, 1452-1461, 2003.
doi:10.1109/JQE.2003.818311 Google Scholar

40. Quintela, M. A., C. Lavin, M. Lomer, A. Quintela, and J. M. Lopez-Higuera, "Superfluorescent erbium doped fiber optic sources comparative study," Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 5952, 1-10, 2005. Google Scholar

41. Casperson, L. W. and A. Yariv, "Spectral narrowing in high-gain lasers," IEEE J. Quantum. Electron., Vol. 8, 80, 1972.
doi:10.1109/JQE.1972.1076944 Google Scholar

42. Xiao, L., P. Yan, M. Gong, W. Wei, and P. Ou, "An approximate analytic solution of strongly pumped Yb-doped double-clad fiber lasers without neglecting the scattering loss," Opt. Commun., Vol. 230, 401-410, 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2003.11.017 Google Scholar

43. Pask, H. M., R. J. Carman, D. C. Hanna, A. C. Tropper, C. J. Mackechnie, P. R. Barber, and J. M. Dawes, "Ytterbium-doped silica fiber lasers: Versatile sources for the 1-1.2 pm region," IEEE J. Selected Top. in Quant. Electron., Vol. 1, 2-13, 1995.
doi:10.1109/2944.468377 Google Scholar

44. Lim, C. and Y. Izawa, "Modeling of end-pumped CW quasi-three-level lasers," IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. 38, 306-311, 2002.
doi:10.1109/3.985572 Google Scholar

45. Kong, F., C. Dunn, J. Parsons, M. T. Kalichevsky-Dong, T. W. Hawkins, M. Jones, and L. Dong, "Large-mode-area fibers operating near singlemode regime," Opt. Express, Vol. 24, 10295-10301, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OE.24.010295 Google Scholar

46. Wielandy, S., "Implications of higher-order mode content in large mode area fibers with good beam quality," Opt. Express, Vol. 15, 15402-15409, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OE.15.015402 Google Scholar

47. Snitzer, E., H. Po, F. Hakimi, R. Tumminelli, and B. C. McCollum, "Double-clad, offset core Nd fiber laser," The Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf., New Orleans, LA, PD5, 1988. Google Scholar

48. Jauregui, C., H. J. Otto, S. Breitkopf, J. Limpert, and A. T¨unnermann, "Optimizing the mode instability threshold of high-power fiber laser systems," Proc. of SPIE, Fiber Lasers XIII: Technology, Systems, and Applications, Vol. 9728, 97280B, 2015. Google Scholar

49. Otto, H. J., N. Modsching, C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. T¨unnermann, "Impact of photodarkening on the mode instability threshold," Opt. Express, Vol. 23, 15265-15277, 2015.
doi:10.1364/OE.23.015265 Google Scholar

50. Jauregui, C., H. J. Ottoa, C. Stihler, J. Limpert, and A. Tunnermann, "The impact of core co-dopants on the mode instability threshold of high-power fiber laser systems," Proc. of SPIE, Fiber Lasers XIV: Technology and Systems, Vol. 10083, 100830N, 2017. Google Scholar

51. Li, J., K. Duan, Y. Wang, X. Cao, W. Zhao, Y. Guo, and X. Lin, "Theoretical analysis of the heat dissipation mechanism in Yb3+-doped double-clad fiber lasers," J. Modern Optic, Vol. 55, 459-471, 2008.
doi:10.1080/09500340701477784 Google Scholar

52. Yan, P., A. Xu, and M. Gong, "Numerical analysis of temperature distributions in Yb-doped double-clad fiber lasers with consideration of radiative heat transfer," Opt. Engin., Vol. 45, 124201, 2006.
doi:10.1117/1.2402934 Google Scholar

53. Davis, M. K., M. J. F. Digonnet, and R. H. Pantell, "Thermal effects in doped fibers," J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 16, 1013-1013, 1998.
doi:10.1109/50.681458 Google Scholar

54. Li, J., Y. Chen, M. Chen, H. Chen, X. Jin, Y. Yang, Z. Dai, and Y. Liu, "Theoretical analysis and heat dissipation of mid-infrared chalcogenide fiber Raman laser," Opt. Commun., Vol. 284, 1278-1283, 2011.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2010.10.062 Google Scholar

55. Lapointe, M. A., S. Chatigny, M. Pich´e, M. C. Skaff, and J. N. Maran, "Thermal effects in high-power CW fiber lasers," Proc. SPIE Fiber Lasers VI: Technology, Systems, and Applications, Vol. 7195, 1U, 2009. Google Scholar

56. Jauregui, C., H. J. Otto, F. Stutzki, J. Limpert, and A. Tunnermann, "Simplified modelling the mode instability threshold of high power fiber amplifiers in the presence of photodarkening," Opt. Express, Vol. 23, 20203-20218, 2015.
doi:10.1364/OE.23.020203 Google Scholar

57. Lood, F. and N. P. Kherani, "Influence of luminescent material properties on stimulated emission luminescent solar concentrators (SELSCs) using a 4-level system," Opt. Express, Vol. 25, A1023, 2017.
doi:10.1364/OE.25.0A1023 Google Scholar

58. Ward, B., "Theory and modeling of photodarkening induced quasi static degradation in fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 24, 3488-3501, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OE.24.003488 Google Scholar

59. Kuznetsov, M. S., O. L. Antipov, A. A. Fotiadi, and P. Megret, "Electronic and thermal refractive index changes in Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 21, 22374-22388, 2013.
doi:10.1364/OE.21.022374 Google Scholar

60. Abouricha, M., A. Boulezhar, and N. Habiballah, "The comparative study of the temperature distribution of fiber laser with different pump schemes," O. J. Metal, Vol. 3, 64-71, 2013.
doi:10.4236/ojmetal.2013.34010 Google Scholar

61. Naderi, S., I. Dajani, T. Madden, and C. Robin, "Investigations of modal instabilities in fiber amplifiers through detailed numerical simulations," Opt. Express, Vol. 21, 16111-16129, 2013.
doi:10.1364/OE.21.016111 Google Scholar

62. Hansen, K. R., T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Broeng, and J. Lægsgaard, "Theoretical analysis of mode instability in high-power fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 21, 1944-1971, 2013.
doi:10.1364/OE.21.001944 Google Scholar

63. Smith, A. V. and J. J. Smith, "Increasing mode instability thresholds of fiber amplifiers by gain saturation," Opt. Express, Vol. 21, 15168-15182, 2013.
doi:10.1364/OE.21.015168 Google Scholar

64. Ward, B., C. Robin, and I. Dajani, "Origin of thermal modal instabilities in large mode area fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 2, 11407-11422, 2012.
doi:10.1364/OE.20.011407 Google Scholar

65. Ward, B. G., "Accurate modeling of rod-type photonic crystal fiber amplifiers," Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 9728, 97280F-1, 2015. Google Scholar

66. Tao, R., P. Ma, X. Wang, P. Zhou, and Z. Liu, "1.3 kW monolithic linearly polarized single-mode master oscillator power amplifier and strategies for mitigating mode instabilities," Photon. Res., Vol. 3, 86-93, 2015.
doi:10.1364/PRJ.3.000086 Google Scholar

67. Tao, R., X. Wang, P. Zhou, and Z. Liu, "Seed power dependence of mode instabilities in high power fiber amplifiers," J. Opt., 103667.R1, 2017. Google Scholar

68. Lægsgaard, J., "Static thermo-optic instability indouble-pass fiber amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 24, 13429-13443, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OE.24.013429 Google Scholar

69. Gong, M., Y. Yuan, C. Li, P. Yan, H. Zhang, and S. Liao, "Numerical modeling of transverse mode competition in strongly pumped multimode fiber lasers and amplifiers," Opt. Express, Vol. 15, 3236-3246, 2007.
doi:10.1364/OE.15.003236 Google Scholar

70. Mohammed, Z., H. Saghafifar, and M. Soltanolkotabi, "An approximate analytical model for temperature and power distribution in high power Yb-doped double clad fiber lasers," Laser Phys., Vol. 24, 115107, 2014.
doi:10.1088/1054-660X/24/11/115107 Google Scholar

71. Sabaeian, M., H. Nadgaran, M. De Sario, L. Mescia, and F. Prudenzano, "Thermal effects on double clad octagonal Yb:glass fiber laser," Optical Materials, Vol. 31, 1300-1305, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2008.10.034 Google Scholar

72. Neumark, S., Solution of Cubic and Quartic Equations, 1st Ed., Pergam on Press, Oxford, 1965.

73. Kelson, I. and A. Hardy, "Optimization of strongly pumped fiber lasers," J. of Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 17, 891-897, 1999.
doi:10.1109/50.762908 Google Scholar

74. Pask, H. M., R. J. Carman, D. C. Hanna, A. C. Tropper, C. J. Mackechnie, P. R. Barber, and J. M. Dawes, "Ytterbium-doped silica fiber lasers: Versatile sources for the 1–1.2 pm region," IEEE J. of Quant. Electron., Vol. 1, 2-13, 1995.
doi:10.1109/2944.468377 Google Scholar

75. Fan, Y., B. He, J. Zhou, J. Zheng, H. Liu, Y. Wei, J. Dong, and Q. Lou, "Thermal effects in kilowatt all-fiber MOPA," Opt. Express, Vol. 19, 15162-15172, 2011.
doi:10.1364/OE.19.015162 Google Scholar

Dr. Maryam Karimi