volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In the medical world, the continuous monitoring of patients having a long-term illness is mandatory. The usual monitoring systems placed around the patients are bulkier and costly. Moreover, the movement of those patients is limited as they are connected to the monitoring devices with probes. To enable the locomotion of the patients a miniaturizedimplantable antenna sensor with the dimension 2.5 x 7 x 0.25 mm³ is proposed to monitor arterial pressure. The proposed antenna sensor is fabricated and verified for its performance metrics. Radiation analysis for the implants is carried out through a metric called Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). Deviation of pressure in the patient is measured through the rate of change of resonant frequency through an external reader coil. Communication established between the Transmitter (patient with implant) and the Receiver for better monitoring is verified through field strength calculated at various locations inside the hospital rooms in order to allocate rooms for the post-operative/long term ill patients efficiently.

1. Yousaf, M., I. B. Mabrouk, M. Zada, A. Akram, Y. Amin, M. Nedil, and H. Yoo, "An ultra- miniaturized antenna with ultra-wide bandwidth characteristics for medical implant systems," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 40086-40097, 2021.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3064307 Google Scholar

2. Rohei, M. S., E. Salwana, N. B. A. K. Shah, and A. S. Kakar, "Design and testing of an epidermal RFID mechanism in a smart indoor human tracking system," IEEE Sensors Journal, 2020. Google Scholar

3. Singh, H. and S. K. Mandal, "A silicon-based ferrite loaded miniaturized on-chip antenna with enhanced gain for implantable bio-telemetry applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 91, 69-79, 2020.
doi:10.2528/PIERM20011307 Google Scholar

4. Karacolak, T., R. Cooper, J. Butler, S. Fisher, and E. Topsakal, "In vivo verication of implantable antennas using rats as model animals," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 9, 334-337, 2010.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2010.2048693 Google Scholar

5. Klapstova, A., J. Horakova, M. Tunak, A. Shynkarenko, J. Erben, J. Hlavata, P. Bulir, and J. Chvojka, "A PVDF electrospun antibrotic composite for use as a glaucoma drainage implant," Materials Science and Engineering: C, Vol. 119, 111637, 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.111637 Google Scholar

6. Ketavath, K. N., D. Gopi, and S. S. Rani, "In-vitro test of miniaturized CPW-fed implantable conformal patch antenna at ISM band for biomedical applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 43547-43554, 2019.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2905661 Google Scholar

7. Golestanirad, L., M. I. Iacono, B. Keil, L. M. Angelone, G. Bonmassar, and M. D. Fox, "Construction and modeling of a reconfigurable MRI coil for lowering SAR in patients with deep brain stimulation implants," Neuroimage, Vol. 147, 577-588, 2017.
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.056 Google Scholar

8. Neebha, T. M., A. D. Andrushia, and S. Durga, "A state-of-art review on antenna designs for ingestible application," Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, Vol. 39, No. 4, 387-402, 2020.
doi:10.1080/15368378.2020.1821707 Google Scholar

9. Rigelsford, J. M., B. F. Al-Azzawi, C. J. Davenport, and P. Novodvorsky, "A passive biodegradable implant for subcutaneous soft-tissue trauma monitoring," IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Vol. 19, No. 3, 901-909, 2015. Google Scholar

10. Boutry, C. M., Y. Kaizawa, B. C. Schroeder, A. Chortos, A. Legrand, Z. Wang, J. Chang, P. Fox, and Z. Bao, "A stretchable and biodegradable strain and pressure sensor for orthopaedic application," Nature Electronics, Vol. 1, No. 5, 314-321, 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41928-018-0071-7 Google Scholar

11. Boutry, C. M., L. Beker, Y. Kaizawa, C. Vassos, H. Tran, A. C. Hinckley, R. Pfattner, et al. "Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow," Nature Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, 47-57, 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0336-5 Google Scholar

12. Gardner, R. M., T. P. Clemmer, R. S. Evans, and R. G. Mark, "Patient monitoring systems," Biomedical Informatics, 561-591, Springer, London, 2014. Google Scholar

13. Baig, M. M., H. GholamHosseini, A. A. Moqeem, F. Mirza, and M. Linden, "A systematic review of wearable patient monitoring systems|Current challenges and opportunities for clinical adoption," Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 41, No. 7, 1-9, 2017.
doi:10.1007/s10916-017-0760-1 Google Scholar

14. Almahdi, E. M., A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, M. A. Alsalem, O. S. Albahri, and A. S. Albahri, "Mobile patient monitoring systems from a benchmarking aspect: Challenges, open issues and recommended solutions," Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 43, No. 7, 1-23, 2019. Google Scholar

15. Pawar, P., V. Jones, B.-J. F. Van Beijnum, and H. Hermens, "A framework for the comparison of mobile patient monitoring systems," Journal of Biomedical Informatics, Vol. 45, No. 3, 544, 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2012.02.007 Google Scholar

16. Simha, A., S. M. Kulkarni, and S. Meenatchisundaram, "An analytical method to determine the response of a micro capacitive pressure sensor," Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 130, No. 7, 118, 2011. Google Scholar

17. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection "Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)," Health Physics, Vol. 118, No. 5, 483-524, 2020.
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001210 Google Scholar

18. Gabriel, S., R. W. Lau, and C. Gabriel, "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues," Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 41, No. 11, 2271, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/003 Google Scholar

19. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

20. Jasim, S. E., M. A. Jusoh, M. H. Mazwir, and S. N. S. Mahmud, "Finding the best feeding point location of patch antenna using HFSS," ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 23, 17444-17449, 2015. Google Scholar

Dr. Samuelraj Chrysolite

Mrs. Thomas Anita Jones Mary Pushpa