volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

An efficient method for designing narrow beams having minimum peak side lobe level (PSLL) and maintaining power efficiency (reducing active elements) for 5G/6G base stations with large antenna arrays is proposed. To ensure high efficiency in a multi-dimensional complex nonlinear optimization problem with several constraints thinning of antenna of antenna arrays is considered. For performing exhaustive search on the large number of feasible solutions a novel algorithm named discrete cat swarm optimization (DCSO) is usedand is a binary adaptation of real-valued cat swarm optimization (CSO). To testify the efficiency of DCSO a set of standard benchmarked multimodal functions are used. The proposed algorithmsexhibit heuristic nature, so the stability of the proposed method has been authenticated by using statistical test. Later the algorithm is applied to the optimization of a large planar antenna array (PAA) of size 10×20 (200 elements) to suppress the PSLL. Furthermore, the results of the synthesis are compared with literature marking low PSLL and convergence speed as pointers. The comparative results delineate the superiority of the DCSO over the existing discrete versioned traditional algorithms with respect to solution accuracy and speed of convergence. DCSO introducesa higher degree of flexibility to the field of binary-valued thinned antenna array synthesis problems.

1. Cheng, D. K., "Optimization techniques for antenna arrays," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 59, No. 12, 1664-1674, 1971.
doi:10.1109/PROC.1971.8523 Google Scholar

2. Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes, 1st Ed., 1986.

3. Smith, S. K., J. C. Brggains, K. L. Melde, and F. Ares, "Analytical and optimization methods for linear arrays with high efficiency and low sidelobes," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 547-550, 2004.
doi:10.1109/APS.2004.1329718 Google Scholar

4. Westcott, B. S. and A. A. Zaporozhets, "Beam shaping techniques based on analytical gradient iteration procedures," IEE Colloquium on Novel Techniques for Antenna Beam Control, No. 3, 5, 1995. Google Scholar

5. Peters, T. J., "A conjugate gradient-based algorithm to minimize the sidelobe level of planar arrays with element failures," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 39, No. 10, 1497-1504, 1991.
doi:10.1109/8.97381 Google Scholar

6. Sarkar, T. K., "On the application of the generalized biconjugate gradient method," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 3, 223-242, 1987.
doi:10.1163/156939387X00036 Google Scholar

7. Haupt, R. L., "Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 42, No. 7, 993-999, 1994.
doi:10.1109/8.299602 Google Scholar

8. Chen, K., X. Yun, Z. He, and C. Han, "Synthesis of sparse planar arrays using modified real genetic algorithm," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 4, 1067-1073, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.893375 Google Scholar

9. Zhang, L., Y. C. Jiao, B. Chen, and H. Li, "Orthogonal genetic algorithm for planar thinned array designs," Int. J. Antennas Propag., Vol. 2012, 1-7, 2012. Google Scholar

10. Oliveri, G. and A. Massa, "Genetic algorithm (GA)-enhanced almost difference set (ADS)-based approach for array thinning," IET Microwaves, Antennas Propag., Vol. 5, No. 3, 305-315, 2011.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2010.0114 Google Scholar

11. Murino, V., A. Trucco, and C. S. Regazzoni, "Synthesis of unequally spaced arrays by simulated annealing," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., Vol. 44, No. 1, 119-123, 1996.
doi:10.1109/78.482017 Google Scholar

12. Meijer, C. A., "Simulated annealing in the design of thinned arrays having low sidelobe levels," Proc. South African Symp. Commun. Signal Process., COMSIG, 361-366, 1998. Google Scholar

13. Trucco, A., "Thinning and weighting of large planar arrays by simulated annealing," IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, Vol. 46, No. 2, 347-355, 1999.
doi:10.1109/58.753023 Google Scholar

14. Donelli, M., A. Martini, and A. Massa, "A hybrid approach based on PSO and Hadamard difference sets for the synthesis of square thinned arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 57, No. 8, 2491-2495, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2024570 Google Scholar

15. Wang, W.-B., Q. Feng, and D. Liu, "Synthesis of thinned linear and planar antenna arrays using binary PSO algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 127, 371-387, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12020301 Google Scholar

16. Quevedo-Teruel, O. and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Ant colony optimization in thinned array synthesis with minimum sidelobe level," IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 5, No. 2, 349-352, 2006.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2006.880693 Google Scholar

17. Zhang, L., Y. C. Jiao, Z. B. Weng, and F. S. Zhang, "Design of planar thinned arrays using a Boolean differential evolution algorithm," IET Microwaves, Antennas Propag., Vol. 4, No. 12, 2172-2178, 2010.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2009.0630 Google Scholar

18. Rocca, P., G. Oliveri, and A. Massa, "Differential evolution as applied to electromagnetics," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., Vol. 53, No. 1, 38-49, 2011.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2011.5773566 Google Scholar

19. Liu, C. and H. Wu, "Synthesis of thinned array with side lobe levels reduction using improved binary invasive weed optimization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 37, 21-30, 2014. Google Scholar

20. Wu, H., C. Liu, and X. Xie, "Thinning of concentric circular antenna arrays using improved binary invasive weed optimization algorithm," Hindawi Publ. Corp. Math. Probl. Eng., Vol. 2015, 1-8, 2015. Google Scholar

21. Roy, G. G., S. Das, P. Chakraborty, and P. N. Suganthan, "Design of non-uniform circular antenna arrays using a modified invasive weed optimization algorithm," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 59, No. 1, 110-118, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2090477 Google Scholar

22. Singh, U. and R. Salgotra, "Synthesis of linear antenna array using flower pollination algorithm," Neural Comput. Appl., Vol. 29, No. 2, 1-11, 2018.
doi:10.1007/s00521-016-2457-7 Google Scholar

23. Dahi, Z. A. E. M., C. Mezioud, and A. Draa, "On the efficiency of the binary flower pollination algorithm: Application on the antenna positioning problem," Appl. Soft Comput. J., Vol. 47, 395-414, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2016.05.051 Google Scholar

24. Chatterjee, A., G. K. Mahanti, and G. Ghatak, "Synthesis of satellite footprint patterns from rectangular planar array antenna by using swarm-based optimization algorithms," Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw., Vol. 32, 25-47, 2014.
doi:10.1002/sat.1055 Google Scholar

25. Li, X. and K. M. Luk, "The grey Wolf optimizer and its applications in electromagnetics," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 68, No. 3, 2186-2197, 2020.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2019.2938703 Google Scholar

26. Singh, U. and M. Rattan, "Design of linear and circular antenna arrays using Cuckoo optimization algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 46, 1-11, 2013. Google Scholar

27. Singh, U., R. Salgotra, and M. Rattan, "A novel binary spider monkey optimization algorithm for thinning of concentric circular antenna arrays," IETE J. Res., Vol. 62, No. 6, 1-10, 2016.
doi:10.1080/03772063.2015.1135086 Google Scholar

28. Darvish, A. and A. Ebrahimzadeh, "Improved fruit-fly optimization algorithm and its applications in antenna arrays synthesis," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 66, No. 4, 1-11, 2018.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2018.2800695 Google Scholar

29. Ravipudi, J. L. and M. Neebha, "Synthesis of linear antenna arrays using Jaya, self-adaptive Jaya and chaotic Jaya algorithms," AEU --- Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 18, 1-27, 2018. Google Scholar

30. Chu, S.-C., P. Tsai, and J.-S. Pan, Cat Swarm Optimization, Vol. 4099, 854-858, LANI, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.

31. Pappula, L. and D. Ghosh, "Linear antenna array synthesis using cat swarm optimization," AEU --- Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 68, No. 6, 540-549, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2013.12.012 Google Scholar

32. Pappula, L. and D. Ghosh, "Synthesis of linear aperiodic array using Cauchy mutated cat swarm optimization," AEU --- Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 72, 52-64, 2017.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2016.11.016 Google Scholar

33. Haupt, R. L., J. J. Menozzi, and C. J. McCormack, "Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms," AP-S Int. Symp. (IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc., Vol. 2, 712-715, 1993.
doi:10.1109/APS.1993.385248 Google Scholar

34. Kennedy, J. and R. C. Eberhart, "Discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm," Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Syst. Man Cybern., Vol. 5, 4104-4108, 1997. Google Scholar

35. Sharafi, Y., M. A. Khanesar, and M. Teshnehlab, "Discrete binary cat swarm optimization algorithm," 2013 3rd IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Control Commun., IC4 2013, 1-6, 2013. Google Scholar

36. Marcano, D. and F. Duran, "Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., Vol. 42, No. 3, 12-20, 2000.
doi:10.1109/74.848944 Google Scholar

37. Pappula, L. and D. Ghosh, "Synthesis of thinned planar antenna array using multiobjective normal mutated binary cat swarm optimization," Applied Computational Intelligence & Soft Computing, Vol. 2016, 2016. Google Scholar

Ms. Sahiti Vankayalapati

Dr. Lakshman Pappula

Dr. Debalina Ghosh