volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology can achieve non-contact transmission of electrical energy from the power grid or batteries to electrical equipment. To solve the problem of a significant decrease in output power caused by frequency detuning in a magnetic coupled resonant WPT system, it is necessary to dynamically adjust the operating frequency of the system. The frequency tracking control tuning using phase locked loop technology is currently the most commonly used method. A new method using incomplete cross S transform (ICST) for phase difference detection is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the low-pass filter is used to eliminate the noise of the original signals, and the waveform of the original voltage signal is changed from pulsed square wave to sinusoidal wave. Then the signals output by the filter are sampled synchronously to obtain a series of discrete signal sequences, and the sampling frequency varies with the operating frequency and is determined by the PI controller. Finally, the phase vector is obtained by performing ICST on two channel discrete signal sequences, and the phase difference, which is provided for subsequent frequency tracking controller, between the primary voltage and the primary current, is extracted from the phase vector. The computational complexity of S transformation is greatly reduced by utilizing incomplete S transformation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by MATLAB simulation experiments. Several experiments were conducted separately. The accuracy, noise immunity, and real-time performance of this method are verified under different working conditions.

1. Kim, J., B. Clerckx, and P. D. Mitcheson, "Signal and system design for wireless power transfer: Prototype, experiment and validation," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 19, 7453-7469, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TWC.2020.3011606 Google Scholar

2. Yang, L., Y. Shi, M. Wang, and L. Ren, "Constant voltage charging and maximum efficiency tracking for WPT systems employing dual-side control scheme," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 10, 945-955, 2022.
doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3102144 Google Scholar

3. Darvish, P., S. Mekhilef, and H. A. Illias, "A Novel S-S-LCLCC compensation for three-coil WPT to improve misalignment and energy efficiency stiffness of wireless charging system," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 36, 1341-1355, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2020.3007832 Google Scholar

4. Shinohara, N., "Trends in wireless power transfer: WPT Technology for energy harvesting, mllimeter-wave/THz rectennas, MIMO-WPT, and advances in near-field WPT applications," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 22, 46-59, 2021.
doi:10.1109/MMM.2020.3027935 Google Scholar

5. Mahesh, A., B. Chokkalingam, and L. Mihet-Popa, "Inductive wireless power transfer charging for electric vehicles --- A review," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 137667-137713, 2021.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3116678 Google Scholar

6. Liu, Y., "Overview of the development and application of radio energy transmission technology," New Electrical Energy Technology, Vol. 42, No. 2, 48-67, 2023. Google Scholar

7. Li, Z., P. Kong, L. Ren, X. Xiong, J. Li, W. Wu, and H. Liu, "Leakage magnetic field calculation and optimization of double inverse series coil structure of electric vehicle wireless charging systems," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 96, 213-233, 2022.
doi:10.2528/PIERB22081707 Google Scholar

8. Li, J., Z. Han, and C. Guo, "Novel subarray partition algorithm for solving the problem of too low beam collection efficiency caused by dividing a few subarrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 108, 223-235, 2022.
doi:10.2528/PIERM22011701 Google Scholar

9. Zhang, X., "Frequency tracking control method for all digital radio energy transmission," Journal of Electrical Machinery and Control, Vol. 26, No. 2, 131-141, 2022. Google Scholar

10. Li, Z., W. Cheng, J. Yi, and J. Li, "Design and optimization of quasi-constant mutual inductance for asymmetric two-coil wireless power transfer system with lateral misalignments," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 69, 207-217, 2018.
doi:10.2528/PIERM18042503 Google Scholar

11. Liu, Y., H. Feng, and X. Fan, "Adaptive fuzzy control for frequency tracking in magnetic coupled resonant radio energy transmission systems," Electronic Devices, Vol. 44, No. 6, 1385-1391, 2021. Google Scholar

12. Hou, F., "Design of enhanced digital phase locked loop for special operation equipment," Technological Innovation and Application, Vol. 13, No. 1, 112-115, 2023. Google Scholar

13. Khazraj, H., F. F. Da Silva, C. L. Bak, and S. Golestan, "Analysis and design of notch filter-based PLLs for grid-connected applications," Electr. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 147, 62-69, 2017.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2017.02.009 Google Scholar

14. Jayathurathnage, P. K., "Wireless power transfer based on novel physical concepts," Nature Electronics, Vol. 4, 707-716, 2021. Google Scholar

15. Liu, A., "Frequency composite control method for magnetic coupled resonant radio energy transmission systems," Journal of Electrical Machinery and Control, Vol. 24, No. 2, 63-71, 2020. Google Scholar

16. Gao, L., L. You, and X. Q. Wen, "Frequency tracking technology of magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transfer system," Science Technology and Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 8, 120, 2019. Google Scholar

17. Lee, C. K. and W. Zhong, "Effects of magnetic coupling of nonadjacent resonators on wireless power domino-resonator systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1905-1916, Apr. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2011.2169460 Google Scholar

18. Zhang, Y. and Z. Yan, "A high-power wireless charging system using LCL-N topology to achieve a compact and low-cost receiver," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 1, 131-137, May 2019.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2019.2914363 Google Scholar

19. Wen, D., Y. Zou, Z. Li, and J. Yi, "Mixed-modulation method for adjusting frequency and voltage in the WPT systems with misalignments and load variations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 93, 111-129, 2021.
doi:10.2528/PIERB21060103 Google Scholar

20. Xiao, F., L. Dong, L. Li, and X. Liao, "A frequency-fixed sogi-based PLL for single-phase grid connected converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 32, 1713-1719, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2016.2606623 Google Scholar

21. Lee, C. K. and W. Zhong, "Effects of magnetic coupling of nonadjacent resonators on wireless power domino-resonator systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1905-1916, Apr. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2011.2169460 Google Scholar

22. Zhang, Y. and Z. Yan, "A high-power wireless charging system using LCL-N topology to achieve a compact and low-cost receiver," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 1, 131-137, May 2019.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2019.2914363 Google Scholar

23. Stockwell, R. G., S-transform analysis of gravity wave activity from a small scale network of airglow imagers, The University of Western Ontario, London, 1999.

24. Yi, J., J. Peng, and H. Tan, "Detection method of power quality disturbances using incomplete S-transform," High Voltage Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 10, 2562-2567, 2009. Google Scholar

25. Khan, S. M. and C. Bailey, "Efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) and field containment through chiral ordering of a four-tier WPT system," IEEE USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), Singapore, 2021. Google Scholar

Dr. Jiliang Yi

Mr. Shunli Xie

Dr. Zhongqi Li