volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The issue of signal outages in sub-THz frequency communication for future 6G networks is addressed by this research. A machine learning method is proposed, employing Random Forest and K-Means algorithms to predict the optimal frequency band and outage probabilities for UAV relays. Both space and frequency diversity are explored to enhance signal strength, and metasurface-carrying UAVs are introduced with a 16 × 16 mm² design. This design significantly reduces the predicted outage probability from 0.1% to 0.0178%. Finally, triangular and hexagonal UAV swarm formations with metasurfaces are investigated, demonstrating improved performance through heatmap results.

1. Banafaa, Mohammed, Ibraheem Shayea, Jafri Din, Marwan Hadri Azmi, Abdulaziz Alashbi, Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh, and Abdulraqeb Alhammadi, "6G mobile communication technology: Requirements, targets, applications, challenges, advantages, and opportunities," Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 64, 245-274, 2023. Google Scholar

2. Padhi, Prafulla Kumar and Feranando Charrua-Santos, "6G enabled industrial internet of everything: Towards a theoretical framework," Applied System Innovation, Vol. 4, No. 1, 11, 2021. Google Scholar

3. Frei, Matthias, Thomas Deinlein, Reinhard German, and Anatoli Djanatliev, "An evaluation of the communication performance of MEC-dependent services in 5G networks," 2021 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA), 1-8, 2021.

4. Serghiou, Demos, Mohsen Khalily, Tim W. C. Brown, and Rahim Tafazolli, "Terahertz channel propagation phenomena, measurement techniques and modeling for 6G wireless communication applications: A survey, open challenges and future research directions," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1957-1996, 2022. Google Scholar

5. Mustafa Hilal, Anwer, Jaber S. Alzahrani, Ibrahim Abunadi, Nadhem Nemri, Fahd N. Al-Wesabi, Abdelwahed Motwakel, Ishfaq Yaseen, and Abu Sarwar Zamani, "Intelligent deep learning model for privacy preserving IIoT on 6G environment," Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol. 72, No. 1, 333-348, 2022.
doi:10.32604/cmc.2022.024794 Google Scholar

6. Xu, Lingwei, Xinpeng Zhou, Ye Tao, Xu Yu, Miao Yu, and Fazlullah Khan, "AF relaying secrecy performance prediction for 6G mobile communication networks in industry 5.0," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol. 18, No. 8, 5485-5493, 2022. Google Scholar

7. Likas, Aristidis, Nikos Vlassis, and Jakob J. Verbeek, "The global K-means clustering algorithm," Pattern Recognition, Vol. 36, No. 2, 451-461, 2003. Google Scholar

8. Ali, S., W. Saad, and D. Steinbach, Machine learning in 6G wireless communication networks, Jun. 2020.

9. "How will machine learning redefine wireless communication for 6G?," IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Sep. 2022.

10. Iliadis, Lazaros Alexios, Zaharias D. Zaharis, Sotirios Sotiroudis, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, George K. Karagiannidis, and Sotirios K. Goudos, "The road to 6G: A comprehensive survey of deep learning applications in cell-free massive MIMO communications systems," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol. 2022, No. 1, 68, Aug. 2022. Google Scholar

11. Traßl, Andreas, Eva Schmitt, Tom Hößler, Lucas Scheuvens, Norman Franchi, Nick Schwarzenberg, and Gerhard Fettweis, "Outage prediction for ultra-reliable low-latency communications in fast fading channels," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol. 2021, 92, 2021.
doi:10.1186/s13638-021-01964-w Google Scholar

12. Yang, Feifei, David W. Wanik, Diego Cerrai, Md. Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan, and Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, "Quantifying uncertainty in machine learning-based power outage prediction model training: A tool for sustainable storm restoration," Sustainability, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1525, 2020. Google Scholar

13. Khalil, Hisham, Saeed Ur Rahman, Inam Ullah, Inayat Khan, Abdulaziz Jarallah Alghadhban, Mosleh Hmoud Al-Adhaileh, Gauhar Ali, and Mohammed ElAffendi, "A UAV-swarm-communication model using a machine-learning approach for search-and-rescue applications," Drones, Vol. 6, No. 12, 372, 2022. Google Scholar

14. Tian, Han Wei, Hai Yang Shen, Xin Ge Zhang, Xin Li, Wei Xiang Jiang, and Tie Jun Cui, "Terahertz metasurfaces: toward multifunctional and programmable wave manipulation," Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 8, 584077, 2020. Google Scholar

15. Zhu, Shu-Yan, Geng-Bo Wu, Stella W. Pang, and Chi Hou Chan, "Compact terahertz dielectric folded metasurface," Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2101663, 2021. Google Scholar

16. Chen, Shuaifei, Jiayi Zhang, Yu Jin, and Bo Ai, "Wireless powered IoE for 6G: Massive access meets scalable cell-free massive MIMO," China Communications, Vol. 17, No. 12, 92-109, 2020. Google Scholar

17. Qadir, Zakria, Khoa N. Le, Nasir Saeed, and Hafiz Suliman Munawar, "Towards 6G internet of things: Recent advances, use cases, and open challenges," ICT Express, Vol. 9, No. 3, 296-312, 2023. Google Scholar

18. Asim, Muhammad, Mohammed ELAffendi, and Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif, "Multi-IRS and multi-UAV-assisted MEC system for 5G/6G networks: Efficient joint trajectory optimization and passive beamforming framework," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 24, No. 4, 4553-4564, 2022. Google Scholar

19. Xiao, Zhenyu, Zhu Han, Arumugam Nallanathan, Octavia A. Dobre, Bruno Clerckx, Jinho Choi, Chong He, and Wen Tong, "Antenna array enabled space/air/ground communications and networking for 6G," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 40, No. 10, 2773-2804, 2022. Google Scholar

20. González-Ovejero, David, Cecile Jung-Kubiak, Maria Alonso-delPino, Theodore Reck, and Goutam Chattopadhyay, "Design, fabrication and testing of a modulated metasurface antenna at 300 GHz," 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 3416-3418, 2017.

21. Naqvi, S. I. and N. Hussain, "Antennas for 5G and 6G communications," 5G and 6G Enhanced Broadband Communications, 2022. Google Scholar

22. Montaser, Ahmed M. and Korany R. Mahmoud, "Design of intelligence reflector metasurface using deep learning neural network for 6G adaptive beamforming," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 117900-117913, 2022. Google Scholar

23. Rahman, Saeed Ur, Qunsheng Cao, Ignacio Gil, Muhammad Sajjad, and Yi Wang, "Design of wideband beamforming metasurface with alternate absorption," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 21393-21400, 2020. Google Scholar

24. Makin, Madi, Kassen Dautov, Mohammad S. Hashmi, Theodoros A. Tsiftsis, and Galymzhan Nauryzbayev, "Outage analysis and realization challenges of RIS-enabled underlay CR networks over nakagami−m fading," 2022 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), 193-198, 2022.

25. Geraci, Giovanni, Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez, M. Mahdi Azari, Angel Lozano, Marco Mezzavilla, Symeon Chatzinotas, Yun Chen, Sundeep Rangan, and Marco Di Renzo, "What will the future of UAV cellular communications be? A flight from 5G to 6G," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1304-1335, 2022. Google Scholar

26. Chen, Guangjiao and Guifen Chen, "A method of relay node selection for UAV cluster networks based on distance and energy constraints," Sustainability, Vol. 14, No. 23, 16089, 2022. Google Scholar

27. Almasoud, Ahmed S., Siwar Ben Haj Hassine, Nadhem Nemri, Fahd N. Al-Wesabi, Manar Ahmed Hamza, Anwer Mustafa Hilal, Abdelwahed Motwakel, and Mesfer Al Duhayyim, "Metaheuristic based data gathering scheme for clustered UAVs in 6G communication network," Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol. 71, No. 3, 5311–5325, 2022. Google Scholar

28. Belaoura, Widad, Khalida Ghanem, Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir, and Mazen O. Hasna, "Performance and user association optimization for UAV relay-assisted mm-Wave massive MIMO systems," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 49611-49624, 2022. Google Scholar

29. Liu, Chengxiao, Wei Feng, Yunfei Chen, Cheng-Xiang Wang, and Ning Ge, "Cell-free satellite-UAV networks for 6G wide-area internet of things," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1116-1131, 2021. Google Scholar

30. Zaidi, A., F. Athley, J. Medbo, U. Gustavsson, G. Durisi, and X. Chen, "Chapter 3 --- propagation & channel modeling," 5G Physical Layer, 2018.

31. Clough, Shepard A., Michael J. Iacono, and Jean-Luc Moncet, "LBLRTM: Line-by-line radiative transfer model," Astrophysics Source Code Library, Record Ascl:1405.001, ascl-1405, May 2014. Google Scholar

32. Bogale, Tadilo Endeshaw, Xianbin Wang, and Long Bao Le, MmWave communication enabling techniques for 5G wireless systems: A link level perspective, 195-225, S. Mumtaz, J. Rodriguez, and L. Dai (eds.), Elsevier, 2017.

33. Zubair, Muhammad, Zaffar Haider, Shahid A. Khan, and Jamal Nasir, "Atmospheric influences on satellite communications," Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 87, 2011. Google Scholar

34. Federici, John and Lothar Moeller, "Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 107, No. 11, 111101, 2010. Google Scholar

35. Series, P., "Attenuation by atmospheric gases and related effects," Recommendation ITU-R, Vol. 25, 676-12, 2019. Google Scholar

36. Madden, Joe, "The ideal band for 6G," Microwave Journal, Vol. 65, No. 8, Aug. 2022. Google Scholar

37. Traßl, Andreas, Eva Schmitt, Tom Hößler, Lucas Scheuvens, Norman Franchi, Nick Schwarzenberg, and Gerhard Fettweis, "Outage prediction for ultra-reliable low-latency communications in fast fading channels," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol. 2021, No. 1, 92, Apr. 2021. Google Scholar

38. Rikkinen, Kari, Pekka Kyosti, Marko E. Leinonen, Markus Berg, and Aarno Parssinen, "THz radio communication: Link budget analysis toward 6G," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 58, No. 11, 22-27, 2020. Google Scholar

39. Khan, Muhammad Asghar, Neeraj Kumar, Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan, Wali Ullah Khan, Moustafa M. Nasralla, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Justyna Żywiołek, and Insaf Ullah, "Swarm of UAVs for network management in 6G: A technical review," IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, Vol. 20, No. 1, 741-761, Mar. 2023. Google Scholar

40. Wang, X., Y. Guo, and Y. Gao, "Unmanned autonomous intelligent system in 6G non-terrestrial network," Information, Vol. 15, No. 1, 38, 2024.
doi:10.3390/info15010038 Google Scholar

41. Mustari, Nazifa, Muhammet Ali Karabulut, A. F. M. Shahen Shah, and Ufuk Tureli, "Cooperative THz communication for UAVs in 6G and beyond," Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation, Vol. 3, No. 1, 100131, 2024. Google Scholar

42. Zhang, Qianqian, Walid Saad, and Mehdi Bennis, "Reflections in the sky: Millimeter wave communication with UAV-carried intelligent reflectors," 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 1-6, 2019.

43. Fang, Junhao, Zhaohui Yang, Nasreen Anjum, Ye Hu, Hamid Asgari, and Mohammad Shikh-Bahaei, "Secure intelligent reflecting surface assisted UAV communication networks," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), 1-6, 2021.

44. Arafat, Muhammad Yeasir and Sangman Moh, "Localization and clustering based on swarm intelligence in UAV networks for emergency communications," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 6, No. 5, 8958-8976, 2019. Google Scholar

45. Rekkas, Vasileios P., Sotirios Sotiroudis, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, Shaohua Wan, George K. Karagiannidis, and Sotirios K. Goudos, "Machine learning in beyond 5G/6G networks --- State-of-the-art and future trends," Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 22, 2786, 2021. Google Scholar

46. Yu, Peng, Fanqin Zhou, Tao Zhang, Wenjing Li, Lei Feng, and Xuesong Qiu, "Self-organized cell outage detection architecture and approach for 5G H-CRAN," Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2018, 6201386, 2018. Google Scholar

47. Shlezinger, Nir, George C. Alexandropoulos, Mohammadreza F. Imani, Yonina C. Eldar, and David R. Smith, "Dynamic metasurface antennas for 6G extreme massive MIMO communications," IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 28, No. 2, 106-113, 2021. Google Scholar

48. Liu, Guangyi, Na Li, Juan Deng, Yingying Wang, Junshuai Sun, and Yuhong Huang, "The SOLIDS 6G mobile network architecture: Driving forces, features, and functional topology," Engineering, Vol. 8, 42-59, 2022. Google Scholar

49. Mao, Bomin, Yuichi Kawamoto, and Nei Kato, "AI-based joint optimization of QoS and security for 6G energy harvesting Internet of Things," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 7, No. 8, 7032-7042, 2020. Google Scholar

50. Khan, Muhammad Asghar, Neeraj Kumar, Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan, Wali Ullah Khan, Moustafa M. Nasralla, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Justyna Żywiołek, and Insaf Ullah, "Swarm of UAVs for network management in 6G: A technical review," IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, Vol. 20, No. 1, 741-761, 2023. Google Scholar

Dr. Hisham Khalil

Dr. Gauhar Ali

Dr. Saeed Ur Rahman

Dr. Muhammad Asim

Dr. Mohammed El Affendi