volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper presents a multifunctional antenna with high isolation for interweave and underlay cognitive radio (CR) applications. The proposed antenna consist of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna (ANT1) for sensing and communication in UWB spectrum range and a frequency reconfigurable antenna (ANT2) for communication over frequency ranges from 3 to 3.7 GHz and 3.8 to 5.6 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate 50 × 65 × 1.6 mm³ with a shared ground plane. A square slot and a rectangular stub is introduced in the ground plane to achieve -10 dB wide impedance bandwidth and good isolation over the frequency range of 1.8 to 12 GHz. An underlay CR operation is attained with a UWB ANT1 with reconfigurable band notch of 2.76 to 3.7 GHz by introducing a U-shaped slot. The interweave operation is obtained by incorporating ANT1 and ANT2 in a same substrate. ANT1 without notch band is used for sensing spectrum and ANT2 with reconfigurable frequency is used for communication. The proposed antenna attains both interweave and underlay operations with inter-port isolation greater than 17 dB all over the proposed UWB and communication band.

1. Federal Communication Commission (FCC), "Revision of Part 15 of the commission's rules regarding ultra-wideband transmission systems," ET Docket 98-153, FCC 02-48, 2002.

2. Mitola, Joseph, "Cognitive radio for flexible mobile multimedia communications," 1999 IEEE International Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Communications (MoMuC'99) (Cat. No.99EX384), 3-10, San Diego, CA, USA, 1999.

3. Goldsmith, Andrea, Syed Ali Jafar, Ivana Maric, and Sudhir Srinivasa, "Breaking spectrum gridlock with cognitive radios: An information theoretic perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 97, No. 5, 894-914, 2009.
doi:10.1109/JPROC.2009.2015717 Google Scholar

4. Tawk, Y., M. Bkassiny, G. El-Howayek, S. K. Jayaweera, K. Avery, and C. G. Christodoulou, "Reconfigurable front-end antennas for cognitive radio applications," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 5, No. 8, 985-992, 2011. Google Scholar

5. Ebrahimi, Elham and Peter S. Hall, "A dual port wide-narrowband antenna for cognitive radio," 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 809-812, Berlin, Germany, 2009.

6. Al-Husseini, Mohammed, Karim Y. Kabalan, Ali El-Hajj, and Christos G. Christodoulou, "Reconfigurable microstrip antennas for cognitive radio," Advancement in Microstrip Antennas with Recent Applications, Vol. 14, 337-362, 2013. Google Scholar

7. Tawk, Y., J. Costantine, and C. G. Christodoulou, "Cognitive-radio and antenna functionalities: A tutorial," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 56, No. 1, 231-243, 2014. Google Scholar

8. Alam, Tanjir, Sreenath Reddy Thummaluru, and Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary, "Improved multifunctional MIMO cognitive radio system for integrated interweave-underlay operations," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 70, No. 1, 631-640, 2021. Google Scholar

9. Tawk, Youssef, Sudharman K. Jayaweera, Christos G. Christodoulou, and Joseph Costantine, "A comparison between different cognitive radio antenna systems," 2011 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems (ISPACS), 1-5, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Dec. 2011.

10. Mansoul, A., F. Ghanem, Mohamad Rijal Hamid, and Mohamed Trabelsi, "A selective frequency-reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 515-518, 2014. Google Scholar

11. Al-Husseini, Mohammed, Ali Ramadan, Youssef Tawk, Christos Christodoulou, Karim Kabalan, and Ali El-Hajj, "A planar ultrawideband antenna with multiple controllable band notches for UWB cognitive radio applications," Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 375-377, Rome, Italy, 2011.

12. Durukan, Tülün and Yasemin Altuncu, "A compact 4 × 4 reconfigurable MIMO antenna design with adjustable suppression of certain frequency bands within the UWB frequency range," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 170, 154848, 2023.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2023.154848 Google Scholar

13. Saleem, Summaiyya, Sarita Kumari, Dinesh Yadav, Mohd Gulman Siddiqui, and Deepak Bhatnagar, "A planar UWB-MIMO antenna with high isolation and reconfigurable single band-elimination characteristics," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 170, 154853, 2023. Google Scholar

14. Naidu, P. Ravi Teja, Chinmoy Saha, K. Vamshi Krishna, Latheef A. Shaik, Jawad Yaseen Siddiqui, and Yahia Antar, "Compact multiple EBG cells loaded UWB-narrowband antenna pair with high isolation for cognitive radio (CR) based MIMO applications," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 127, 153420, 2020. Google Scholar

15. Rathore, Praveen Singh, Ravi Mali, Rajkumar Jatav, and Manoj Kumar Meshram, "Integrated compact UWB and frequency reconfigurable antenna with high isolation for cognitive radio," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 171, 154899, 2023. Google Scholar

16. Tawk, Youssef, Joseph Costantine, and Christos G. Christodoulou, "Reconfigurable filtennas and MIMO in cognitive radio applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 3, 1074-1083, 2014. Google Scholar

17. Thummaluru, Sreenath Reddy, Mohammad Ameen, and Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary, "Four-port MIMO cognitive radio system for midband 5G applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 67, No. 8, 5634-5645, 2019. Google Scholar

18. Alam, Tanjir, Sreenath Reddy Thummaluru, and Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary, "Improved multifunctional MIMO cognitive radio system for integrated interweave-underlay operations," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 70, No. 1, 631-640, 2021. Google Scholar

19. Kasiselvanathan, M., P. Prabhu, L. Raja, and Sivaprasad Lebaka, "A multi-radio antenna system for cognitive radio (CR), 5G, WLAN and UWB MIMO applications," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 180, 155315, 2024. Google Scholar

20. Rathore, Praveen Singh, Ravi Mali, Rajkumar Jatav, and Manoj Kumar Meshram, "A dual-band notched UWB antenna with a slot and a parasitic resonator," 2023 IEEE Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Conference (MAPCON), 1-5, Ahmedabad, India, 2023.

21. Chu, Qing-Xin and Ying-Ying Yang, "A compact ultrawideband antenna with 3.4/5.5 GHz dual band-notched characteristics," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56, No. 12, 3637-3644, 2008. Google Scholar

22. Wong, Kin-Lu, Yun-Wen Chi, Chih-Ming Su, and Fa-Shian Chang, "Band-notched ultra-wideband circular-disk monopole antenna with an arc-shaped slot," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 45, No. 3, 188-191, 2005. Google Scholar

23. Skyworks, "Datasheet of (SMP1321-079LF) PIN diodes," [Online], https://www.skyworksinc.com/-/media/skyworks/documents/products/101-200/smp1321_series_200048z.pdf.

24. Nella, Anveshkumar, Sandeep Kiran Vattiprolu, Chinmoy Saha, and Jawad Yaseen Siddiqui, "A reconfigurable integrated 4-port UWB and NB antenna system for cognitive radio application," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 3, e22998, 2022. Google Scholar

25. Liu, Li, S. W. Cheung, and T. I. Yuk, "Compact MIMO antenna for portable UWB applications with band-notched characteristic," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 5, 1917-1924, 2015. Google Scholar

26. Chandel, Richa, Anil Kumar Gautam, and Karumudi Rambabu, "Tapered fed compact UWB MIMO-diversity antenna with dual band-notched characteristics," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 66, No. 4, 1677-1684, 2018. Google Scholar

27. Xue, Cheng-Dai, Xiu Yin Zhang, Yun Fei Cao, Zhangju Hou, and Chao Feng Ding, "MIMO antenna using hybrid electric and magnetic coupling for isolation enhancement," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 10, 5162-5170, 2017. Google Scholar

28. High frequency structure simulator (Ansys HFSS): Ansys Engineering Simulation Software.

29. Blanch, Sebastian, Jordi Romeu, and Ignasi Corbella, "Exact representation of antenna system diversity performance from input parameter description," Electronics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 9, 705-707, 2003. Google Scholar

30. Saxena, Gaurav, Priyanka Jain, and Yogendra Kumar Awasthi, "High diversity gain super-wideband single band-notch MIMO antenna for multiple wireless applications," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 14, No. 1, 109-119, 2020. Google Scholar

31. Kumar, Amit, Abdul Quaiyum Ansari, Binod Kumar Kanaujia, and Jugul Kishor, "High isolation compact four-port MIMO antenna loaded with CSRR for multiband applications," Frequenz, Vol. 72, No. 9-10, 415-427, 2018. Google Scholar

32. Khan, Muhammad Irshad, Shaobin Liu, Jianliang Mao, Abdul Basit, Afzal Ahmed, and Amil Daraz, "Electromagnetic coupling suppression of eight-ports MIMO antenna for satellite communication with neutralize block and parasitic elements," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 170, 154821, 2023. Google Scholar

Mr. Praveen Singh Rathore

Dr. Ravi Mali

Dr. Rajkumar Jatav

Dr. Manoj Kumar Meshram