volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper presents a novel technique to detect tumors in human breasts using a single high-gain antenna and metasurface (MTS) layer. This design is realized to educate artificial neural networks (ANNs) and deliver productive output. We employ an ANN algorithm to classify detected tumors as healthy, benign, or malignant, based on the permittivity of the detected tissues. The method for finding and sorting things uses the fact of normal and abnormal biological tissues having different dielectric properties, which are based on the tissue's actual permittivity. The study focuses on demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed technique for the detection and localization of malignant tumors within human breasts. The proposed Vivaldi antenna is made to work over 5 GHz to 9 GHz with a gain of 17.7 dBi at 6.5 GHz and a half-power beamwidth of 10°. The electromagnetic analysis is done using voxel datasets from human models. For this, we located the breast tissue with tumor inside phantom between the antenna structure and the MTS layer. The obtained numerical results from CST MWS are validated experimentally to be used to realize the training of the considered ANNs for tumor detection. The obtained results from the considered ANNs show minimal average errors and high-performance indices for fat thickness, tumor size, and tumor type. The achieved results are found to realize minimum error percentage rate below 2%. The adopted method is found to be very suitable for tumor detection and localization.

1. Akbari-Chelaresi, Hamid, Dawood Alsaedi, Seyed Hossein Mirjahanmardi, Mohamed El Badawe, Ali M. Albishi, Vahid Nayyeri, and Omar M. Ramahi, "Mammography using low-frequency electromagnetic fields with deep learning," Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1, 13253, 2023. Google Scholar

2. Islam, M. Tarikul, Md. Samsuzzaman, Salehin Kibria, Norbahiah Misran, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam, "Metasurface loaded high gain antenna based microwave imaging using iteratively corrected delay multiply and sum algorithm," Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, 17317, 2019. Google Scholar

3. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul, Md. Zulfiker Mahmud, Norbahiah Misran, Jun-Ichi Takada, and Mengu Cho, "Microwave breast phantom measurement system with compact side slotted directional antenna," IEEE Access, Vol. 5, 5321-5330, 2017. Google Scholar

4. Ouerghi, K., N. Fadlallah, A. Smida, R. Ghayoula, J. Fattahi, and N. Boulejfen, "Circular antenna array design for breast cancer detection," 2017 Sensors Networks Smart and Emerging Technologies (SENSET), 1-4, Beiriut, Lebanon, Sep. 2017.

5. Hossain, Amran, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Gan Kok Beng, Saad Bin Abul Kashem, Mohamed S. Soliman, Norbahiah Misran, and Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury, "Microwave brain imaging system to detect brain tumor using metamaterial loaded stacked antenna array," Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, No. 1, 16478, 2022. Google Scholar

6. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul, Md. Samsuzzaman, Md. Tarikul Islam, and Salehin Kibria, "Experimental breast phantom imaging with metamaterial-inspired nine-antenna sensor array," Sensors, Vol. 18, No. 12, 4427, 2018. Google Scholar

7. Elsheakh, Dalia N., Rawda A. Mohamed, Omar M. Fahmy, Khaled Ezzat, and Angie R. Eldamak, "Complete breast cancer detection and monitoring system by using microwave textile based antenna sensors," Biosensors, Vol. 13, No. 1, 87, 2023. Google Scholar

8. Wasusathien, Wittawat, Samran Santalunai, Thanaset Thosdeekoraphat, and Chanchai Thongsopa, "Ultra wideband breast cancer detection by using SAR for Indication the tumor location," International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 7, 398-402, 2014. Google Scholar

9. Liang, Chang-Feng and Chong-Hu Cheng, "A novel antipodal vivaldi antenna with improved bandwidth and gain," 2021 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), 1-3, Nanjing, China, 2021.

10. Çelik, Kayhan, "A novel asymmetric antipodal Vivaldi MIMO antenna," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 187, 155529, 2024. Google Scholar

11. Muqdad, Zainab S., Taha A. Elwi, and Zaid A. Abdul Hassain, "A fractal antenna design for microwave radiology imaging applications," 2021 International Conference on Computing and Communications Applications and Technologies (I3CAT), 23-27, Ipswich, United Kingdom, 2021.

12. Jwair, Marwah Haleem, Taha A. Elwi, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Bal S. Virdee, Hayder Almizan, Zaid A. Abdul Hassain, Syed Mansoor Ali, Lida Kouhalvandi, Patrizia Livreri, Nurhan Türker Tokan, et al. "Intelligent metasurface layer for direct antenna amplitude modulation scheme," IEEE Access, Vol. 11, 77506-77517, 2023. Google Scholar

13. Hussain, Niamat, Adnan Ghaffar, Syeda Iffat Naqvi, Adnan Iftikhar, Dimitris E. Anagnostou, and Huy H. Tran, "A conformal frequency reconfigurable antenna with multiband and wideband characteristics," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 7, 2601, 2022. Google Scholar

14. Muqdad, Zainab S., Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Taha A. Elwi, Zaid A. Abdul Hassain, Bal. S. Virdee, Richa Sharma, Salahuddin Khan, Nurhan Türker Tokan, Patrizia Livreri, Francisco Falcone, and Ernesto Limiti, "Photonic controlled metasurface for intelligent antenna beam steering applications including 6G mobile communication systems," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 166, 154652, 2023. Google Scholar

15. Imran, Ahmed I. and Taha A. Elwi, "A cylindrical wideband slotted patch antenna loaded with frequency selective surface for MRI applications," Engineering Science and Technology, An International Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, 990-996, 2017. Google Scholar

16. Zhang, Ziyang, Hongyu Shi, Luyi Wang, Juan Chen, Xiaoming Chen, Jianjia Yi, Anxue Zhang, and Haiwen Liu, "Recent advances in reconfigurable metasurfaces: Principle and applications," Nanomaterials, Vol. 13, No. 3, 534, 2023. Google Scholar

17. Liu, Xiaocha, Xiaoyi Wang, Guo-Min Yang, Dang Xiang, and Li-Rong Zheng, "Dual-band frequency reconfigurable metasurface antenna for millimeter wave joint communication and radar sensing systems," Optics Express, Vol. 32, No. 8, 13851-13863, 2024. Google Scholar

18. Jwair, Marwah Haleem and Taha A. Elwi, "Metasurface antenna circuitry for 5G communication networks," Infocommunications Journal: A Publication of the Scientific Association for Infocommunications (HTE), Vol. 15, No. 2, 2-7, 2023. Google Scholar

19. Vinod, Gandham V. and Vikas V. Khairnar, "A wideband beam steering and beamwidth reconfigurable antenna using coding metasurface," IEEE Access, Vol. 12, 97143-97153, 2024. Google Scholar

20. Ebrahimzadeh, Rasoul, Bijan Zakeri, Amirashkan Darvish, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseininejad, "Multi beam scanning programmable metasurface using miniaturized unit cells for 5G applications," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 36, No. 15, 2164-2177, 2022. Google Scholar

21. Muhsin, Muhannad Y., Firas M. Ali, Ali J. Salim, Zainab F. Mohammad, and Jawad K. Ali, "Isolation techniques in MIMO antennas for 5G mobile devices (comprehensive review)," Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, Vol. 66, No. 6, 263-287, 2023. Google Scholar

22. Zheng, Yuejun, Qiang Chen, Liang Ding, Fang Yuan, and Yunqi Fu, "Electric-controlled metasurface antenna array with ultra-wideband frequency reconfigurable reflection suppression," Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1473-1482, 2023. Google Scholar

23. Patel, Shobhit K., Sunil P. Lavadiya, Juveriya Parmar, Kawsar Ahmed, Sofyan A. Taya, and Sudipta Das, "Low-cost, multiband, high gain and reconfigurable microstrip radiating structure using PIN diode for 5G/Wi-MAX/WLAN applications," Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 639, 413972, 2022. Google Scholar

24. Awan, Wahaj Abbas, Niamat Hussain, Seong Gyoon Park, and Nam Kim, "Intelligent metasurface based antenna with pattern and beam reconfigurability for internet of things applications," Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 92, 50-62, 2024. Google Scholar

25. Zhang, Xiaoyan, Ziao Li, Aiyun Zhan, and Yan Mei, "Design of a reconfigurable band-notched wideband qntenna using EBG structures," Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES), Vol. 38, No. 11, 895-902, 2023. Google Scholar

26. Hussein, Humam, Ferhat Atasoy, and Taha A. Elwi, "Miniaturized antenna array-based novel metamaterial technology for reconfigurable MIMO systems," Sensors, Vol. 23, No. 13, 5871, 2023. Google Scholar

27. De, A., C. K. Chosh, and A. K. Bhattacherjee, "Design and performance analysis of microstrip patch array antennas with different configurations," International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol. 9, No. 3, 97-110, 2016. Google Scholar

28. Ismail, Marwa M., Taha A. Elwi, and A. J. Salim, "Reconfigurable CRLH‐inspired antenna based on Hilbert curve EBG structure for modern wireless systems," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 65, No. 9, 2646-2655, 2023. Google Scholar

29. Elwi, T. A., A. A. M. Al-Shaikhli, H. H. Al-Khaylani, and R. K. Abdulsattar, "Reconfigurable metamaterial antenna based an electromagnetic ground plane defects for modern wireless communication devices," Advanced Electromagnetics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 39-43, 2024. Google Scholar

Dr. Raya Adel Kamil

Dr. Noof T. Mahmood

Dr. Zainab Salam

Dr. Marwah Haleem Jwair

Dr. Noor Mohammed Noori

Prof. Taha Ahmed Elwi