volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Holey fibers (HF) with their peculiar properties have been used in fabrication of Erbium doped holey fiber amplifiers (EDHFA) for third optical communication window. In this paper, by using scalar effective index method, the analyses are presented to investigate the effects of HF geometrical parameters on the gain performance of the EDHFAs. The hierarchical variations of the parameters, including the air-hole sizes (AHS), propagating modes of the core and cladding, mode field diameter of the signal and pump, would cause alterations in the maximum gain and the optimum lengths of the EDHFAs. By determining the normalized frequency of the HF in wide range variations of the air-hole diameter, air-hole spacing, and air-filling factor (AFF), the single-mode regions for signal and pump wavelengths are obtained, where the maximum gain and the optimum lengths are evaluated. In addition, the influence of pump power and the dopant concentration in terms of the AFF are investigated. It is shown that by using suitable AHS and AFF, one can obtain a higher gain for a shorter optimum length in the EDHFAs. The obtained results can be a useful tool for design of HF-based optical amplifiers with lesser effects of amplified spontaneous emission and nonlinearities because of shorter optimized length.

1. Russell, P., "Photonic crystal fibers," Science, Vol. 299, 358-362, 2003.
doi:10.1126/science.1079280 Google Scholar

2. Midrio, M., M. P. Singh, and C. G. Someda, "The space filling mode of holey fibers: An analytical vectorial solution," IEEE J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 18, 1031-1037, 2000.
doi:10.1109/50.850750 Google Scholar

3. Bjarklev, A., J. Broeng, and A. S. Bjarklev, Photonic Crystal Fibers, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

4. Peucheret, C., B. Zsigri, P. A. Andersen, K. S. Berg, A. Tersigni, P. Jeppesen, K. P. Hansen, and M. D. Nielsen, "40 Gbit/s transmission over photonic crystal fibre using mid-span spectral inversion in highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibre," Electron. Lett., Vol. 39, No. 12, 919-921, 2003.
doi:10.1049/el:20030585 Google Scholar

5. Zsigri, B., C. Peucheret, M. D. Nielsen, and P. Jeppesen, "Transmission over 5.6 km large effective area and low-loss (1.7 dB/km) photonic crystal fibre," Electron. Lett., Vol. 39, No. 10, 796-798, 2003.
doi:10.1049/el:20030518 Google Scholar

6. Benabid, F., J. C. Knight, G. Antonopoulos, and P. S. J. Russell, "Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-fied hollow-core photonic crystal fiber," Science, Vol. 298, No. 5592, 399-402, 2002.
doi:10.1126/science.1076408 Google Scholar

7. Monro, T. M., W. Belardi, K. Furusawa, J. C. Baggett, N. G. R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, "Sensing with microstructured optical fibres," Meas. Sci. Technol., Vol. 12, 854-858, 2001.
doi:10.1088/0957-0233/12/7/318 Google Scholar

8. Limpert, J., T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. TÄunnermann, R. Iliew, F. Lederer, J. Broeng, G. Vienne, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, "High-power air-clad large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber laser," Opt. Express, Vol. 11, 818-823, 2003.
doi:10.1364/OE.11.000818 Google Scholar

9. Hansen, K. P., "Dispersion flattened hybrid-core nonlinear photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Express, Vol. 11, 1503-1509, 2003. Google Scholar

10. Diddams, S. A., D. J. Jones, J. Ye, S. T. Cundiff, J. L. Hall, J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, and T. W. Hansch, "Direct link between microwave and optical frequencies with a 300 THz femtosecond laser comb," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 84, 5102-5105, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102 Google Scholar

11. Park, K. N., T. Erdogan, and K. S. Lee, "Cladding mode coupling in long-period gratings formed in photonic crystal fibers," Opt. Commun., Vol. 266, 541-545, 2006.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2006.05.056 Google Scholar

12. Shirakawa, A., J. Ota, M. Musha, K. Nakagawa, K. Ueda, J. R. Folkenberg, and J. Broeng, "Large-mode-area erbium-ytterbium-doped photonic-crystal fiber amplifier for high-energy femtosecond pulses at 1.55 μm," Opt. Express, Vol. 13, 1221-1227, 2005.
doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.001221 Google Scholar

13. Genty, G., M. Lehtonen, H. Ludvigsen, J. Broeng, and M. Kaivola, "Spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses into continuum radiation in micro structured fibers," Opt. Express, Vol. 10, 1083-1098, 2002. Google Scholar

14. Sharping, J. E., M. Fiorentino, P. Kumar, and R. S. Windeler, "Optical parametric oscillator based on four-wave mixing in microstructure fiber," Opt. Lett, Vol. 27, 1675-1677, 2002.
doi:10.1364/OL.27.001675 Google Scholar

15. Nielsen, M. D., C. Jacobsen, N. A. Mortensen, J. R. Folkenberg, and H. R. Simonsen, "Low-loss photonic crystal fibers for transmission systems and their dispersion properties," Opt. Express, Vol. 12, 1372-1376, 2004.
doi:10.1364/OPEX.12.001372 Google Scholar

16. Kunimasa, S. and K. Masanori, "Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers," IEEE J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 23, 3580-3590, 2005. Google Scholar

17. Seraji, F. E. and M. D. Talebzadeh, "Analysis of erbium doped holey fiber using fundamental space filling mode," Chin. Opt. Lett., Vol. 6, 644-647, 2008.
doi:10.3788/COL20080609.0644 Google Scholar

18. Prudenzano, F., "Erbium-doped hole-assisted optical fiber amplifier: Design and optimization," IEEE J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 23, 330-340, 2005.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2004.838808 Google Scholar

19. Cucinotta, A., F. Poli, S. Selleri, L. Vincetti, and M. Zoboli, "Amplification properties of Er³⁺-doped photonic crystal fibers," IEEE J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 21, 782-788, 2003.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2003.809576 Google Scholar

20. Poli, F., A. Cucinotta, D. Passaro, S. Selleri, J. Laegsgaard, and J. Broeng, "Single-mode regime in large-mode-area rare-earth-doped rod-type PCFs," IEEE J. Select. Topic. Quant. Electron., Vol. 15, 54-60, 2009.
doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2008.2010265 Google Scholar

21. Furusawa, K., T. Kogure, T. M. Monro, and D. J. Richardson, "High gain efficiency amplifier based on an erbium doped aluminosilicate holey fiber," Opt. Express, Vol. 44, 3452-3458, 2004.
doi:10.1364/OPEX.12.003452 Google Scholar

22. Li, Y. F., C. Y. Wang, and M. L. Hu, "A fully vectorial effective index method for photonic crystal fibers: Application to dispersion calculation," Opt. Commun., Vol. 238, 29-33, 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2004.04.040 Google Scholar

23. Seraji, F. E., M. Rashidi, and M. Karimi, "Characteristics of holey fibers fabricated at different drawing speeds," Chin. Opt. Lett., Vol. 5, 131-134, 2007. Google Scholar

24. Varshney, S. K., M. P. Singh, and R. K. Sinha, "Propagation characteristics of photonic crystal fibers," Opt. Commun., Vol. 24, 192-198, 2003. Google Scholar

25. Li, Y. F., C. Y. Wang, Z. H. Wang, M. L. Hu, and L. Chai, "Analytical solution of the fundamental space filling mode of photonic crystal fibers," Opt. Laser Technol., Vol. 39, 322-326, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.07.007 Google Scholar

26. Midrio, M., M. P. Singh, and C. G. Someda, "The space filling mode of holey fibers: An analytical vectorial solution," IEEE J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 18, 1031-1037, 2000.
doi:10.1109/50.850750 Google Scholar

27. Desurvire, E., Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications, Wiley, 1994.

28. Giles, C. R. and E. Desurvire, "Modeling erbium-doped fiber amplifiers," IEEE. J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 9, 271, 1991.
doi:10.1109/50.65886 Google Scholar

29. Mathews, J. H. and K. K. Fink, Numerical Methods Using Matlab, 4 Ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., 2004.

30. Li, H., A. Mafi, A. Schulzgen, L. Li, V. L. Temyanko, N. Peyghambarian, and J. V. Moloney, "Analysis and design of photonic crystal fibers based on an improved effective-index method," IEEE J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 25, 1224-1230, 2007.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2007.893924 Google Scholar

31. Broeng, J., D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, "Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides," Opt. Fiber Technol., Vol. 5, 305-330, 1999.
doi:10.1006/ofte.1998.0279 Google Scholar

32. Mortensen, N. A., J. R. Folkenberg, M. D. Nielsen, and K. P. Hansen, "Modal cutoff and the V parameter in photonic crystal fibers," Opt. Lett., Vol. 28, 1879-1881, 2003.
doi:10.1364/OL.28.001879 Google Scholar

33. Koshiba, M. and K. Saitoh, "Applicability of classical optical fiber theories to holey fibers," Opt. Lett., Vol. 29, 1739-1741, 2004.
doi:10.1364/OL.29.001739 Google Scholar

34. Saitoh, K., Y. Tsuchida, M. Koshiba, and N. A. Mortensen, "Endlessly single-mode holey fibers: The influence of core design," Opt. Express, Vol. 13, 10833-10839, 2005.
doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.010833 Google Scholar

35. Barnes, W. L., R. I. Laming, E. J. Tarbox, and P. R. Morkel, "Absorption and emission cross sections of Er³⁺ doped silica fibers," IEEE J. Quant. Electron., Vol. 27, 1004-1010, 1991.
doi:10.1109/3.83335 Google Scholar

36. Desurvire, E. and J. Simpson, "Amplification of spontaneous emission in erbium-doped single-mode fibers," IEEE J. Ligthwave Technol., Vol. 7, 835-845, 1989.
doi:10.1109/50.19124 Google Scholar

37. Becker, P. C., N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers Fundamentals and Technology, Academic Press, 1999.

38. D'Orazio, A., M. de Sario, L. Mescia, V. Petruzzelli, and F. Prudenzano, "Refinement of Er³⁺-doped hole-assisted optical fiber amplifier," Opt. Express, Vol. 13, No. 25, 9970-9981, 2005.
doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.009970 Google Scholar

39. Myslinsky, P., D. Nguyen, and J. Chrostowski, "Effects of concentration on the performance of erbiumdoped fiber amplifiers," IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 15, 112-120, 1997.
doi:10.1109/50.552118 Google Scholar

Dr. Maryam Karimi

Dr. Faramarz E. Seraji