volume | PIER Journals

2011-11-15

Vegetation Attenuation Measurements and Modeling in Plantations for Wireless Sensor Network Planning

David Lorater Ndzi,

Dr. David Lorater Ndzi

Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering

University of Portsmouth

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Latifah M. Kamarudin,

Dr. Latifah M. Kamarudin

School of Computer and Communication Engineering

University of Malaysia Perlis

Malaysia

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Abdul Aziz Muhammad Ezanuddin,

Mr. Abdul Aziz Muhammad Ezanuddin

School of Computer and Communication Engineering

University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Malaysia

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Ammar Zakaria,

Dr. Ammar Zakaria

School of Mechatronic Engineering

University of Malaysia Perlis

Malaysia

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Raad Badlishah Ahmad,

Dr. Raad Badlishah Ahmad

School of Computer and Communication Engineering

University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Malaysia

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Mohd Fareq Bin Abd Malek,

Dr. Mohd Fareq Bin Abd Malek

School of Computer and Communication Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Malaysia

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Ali Yeon Md. Shakaff,

Dr. Ali Yeon Md. Shakaff

School of Mechatronic Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

Malaysia

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M. N. Jafaar

Dr. M. N. Jafaar

School of Bioprocess Engineering

University of Malaysia Perlis

Malaysia

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 36, 283-301, 2012

doi:10.2528/PIERB11091908 | Google Scholar

Abstract

As wireless communication moves from long to short ranges with considerably lower antenna heights, the need to understand and be able to predict the impact of vegetation on coverage and quality of wireless services has become very important. This paper focuses on vegetation attenuation measurements for frequencies in the range 0.4-7.2 GHz in mango and oil palm plantations to evaluate vegetation attenuation models for application in wireless sensor network planning and deployment in precision agriculture. Although a number of models have been proposed and evaluated for specific frequencies, results show that these models do not perform well when applied to different vegetation types or at different frequencies. A global assessment of the models using a broad range of frequencies shows that the COST 235 model gives more consistent results when there is vegetation in the propagation path. For grid-like plantation, the study shows that the RET model provides the best prediction of path loss for measurements between two rows of trees. However, taking into account the limited number of parameter values available for the RET model and the potential inaccuracy that may results from the use of a wrong parameter value, a sub-optimal model which combines the ITUR model with ground reflection does offer a more consistent prediction. The differences in the average values of RMS error between RET, ITUR and free space loss models when combined with ground reflection is less than 1.6 dB.

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David Lorater Ndzi, Latifah M. Kamarudin, Abdul Aziz Muhammad Ezanuddin, Ammar Zakaria, Raad Badlishah Ahmad, Mohd Fareq Bin Abd Malek, Ali Yeon Md. Shakaff, and M. N. Jafaar, "Vegetation Attenuation Measurements and Modeling in Plantations for Wireless Sensor Network Planning," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 36, 283-301, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11091908

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