2011-12-15
High-Q Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavity Based on a Silicon Nitride Membrane Incorporating Fabrication Imperfections and a Low-Index Material Layer
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 37, 191-204, 2012
Abstract
We detail the optimization of a nanobeam design and show how the fabrication imperfections can affect the optical performance of the device. Then we propose the design of a novel configuration of a photonic crystal nanobeam cavity consisting of a membrane structure obtained by sandwiching a layer of Flowable Oxide (FOx) between two layers of Silicon-Nitride (SiN). Finally, we demonstrate that the presence of a low refractive index layer does not impair the performance of the nanobeam cavity that still exhibits a Q factor and mode volume V of the order of 105 and 0.02 (λ/n)3<\sup>, respectively.
Citation
Marco Grande, Giovanna Calo, Vincenzo Petruzzelli, and Antonella D'Orazio, "High-Q Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavity Based on a Silicon Nitride Membrane Incorporating Fabrication Imperfections and a Low-Index Material Layer," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 37, 191-204, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11101405
References

1. Englund, E., A. Faraon, I. Fushman, N. Stoltz, P. Petroff, and J. Vuckovic, "Controlling cavity reflectivity with a single quantum dot," Nature, Vol. 450, No. 7171, 857-861, 2007.
doi:10.1038/nature06234        Google Scholar

2. Hennessy, K., A. Badolato, M. Winger, D. Gerace, M. Atatüre, S. Gulde, S. Fält, E. L. Hu, and A. Imamoglu, "Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single quantum dot-cavity system," Nature, Vol. 445, No. 7130, 896-899, 2007.
doi:10.1038/nature05586        Google Scholar

3. Paintier, O., R. K. Lee, A. Scherer, A. Yariv, J. D. O'Brien, P. D. Dapkus, and I. Kim, "Two-dimensional photonic band-gap defect mode laser," Science, Vol. 284, 1819-1821, 1999.
doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1819        Google Scholar

4. Loncar, M., T. Yoshie, A. Scherer, P. Gogna, and Y. M. Qiu, "Low-threshold photonic crystal laser," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 81, 2680-2682, 2002.
doi:10.1063/1.1511538        Google Scholar

5. Antonucci, D., D. De Ceglia, A. D'Orazio, M. De Sario, V. Marrocco, V. Petruzzelli, and F. Prudenzano, "Enhancement of SHG e±ciency in doubly resonant 2D-photonic crystal microcavity ," Optical and Quantum Electronics, Vol. 39, No. 4-6, 353-360, 2007.
doi:10.1007/s11082-007-9086-4        Google Scholar

6. McCutcheon, M. W., J. F. Young, G. W. Rieger, D. Dalacu, S. Frederick, P. J. Poole, and R. L. Williams, "Experimental demonstration of second order processes in photonic crystal microcavities at submilliwatt exitation powers ," Physics Review B, Vol. 76, 245104, 2007.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.245104        Google Scholar

7. Antonucci, D., A. D'Orazio, D. De Ceglia, M. De Sario, V. Marrocco, V. Petruzzelli, and F. Prudenzano, "A doubly resonant photonic crystal microcavity for second harmonic generation," Fiber and Integrated Optics, Vol. 26, No. 5, 271-288, 2007.
doi:10.1080/15567030701476897        Google Scholar

8. D'Orazio, A., M. De Sario, V. Marrocco, V. Patruzzelli, and F. Prudenzano, "Photonic crystal drop filter exploiting resonant cavity configuration ," IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 10-13, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TNANO.2007.913427        Google Scholar

9. Banai, H. A. and A. Rostami, "A novel proposal for passive all-optical demultiplexer for DWDM systems using 2-D photonic crystals," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 22, No. 4, 471-482, 2008.
doi:10.1163/156939308784150263        Google Scholar

10. Grande, M., L. O'Faolain, T. P. White, M. Spurny, A. D'Orazio, and T. Krauss, "Optical filter with very large stopband (¼ 300 nm) based on a photonic crystal vertical directional coupler," Optics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 21, 3292-3294, 2009.
doi:10.1364/OL.34.003292        Google Scholar

11. Stomeo, T., M. Grande, G. Rainò, A. Passaseo, A. D'Orazio, R. Cingolani, A. Locatelli, D. Modotto, C. De Angelis, and M. De Vittorio, "Optical filter based on two coupled PhC GaAs-membranes," Optics Letters, Vol. 35, No. 3, 411-413, 2010.
doi:10.1364/OL.35.000411        Google Scholar

12. Awasthi, S. K. and S. P. Ojha, "Wide-angle broadband plate polarizer with 1D photonic crystal," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 88, 321-335, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08093003        Google Scholar

13. Li, Y., P. Gu, M. Li, H. Yan, and X. Liu, "Research on the wide-angle and broadband 2D photonic crystal polarization splitter," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 2, 265-273, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306775777242        Google Scholar

14. Shi, Y., "A compact polarization beam splitter based on a multimode photonic crystal waveguide with an internal photonic crystal section," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 103, 393-401, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10040402        Google Scholar

15. Maleki Javan, A. R. and N. Granpayeh, "Fast Terahertz wave switch/modulator based on photonic crystal structures," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 2-3, 203-212, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309787604571        Google Scholar

16. Calò, G., A. D'Orazio, M. Grande, V. Marrocco, and V. Petruzzelli, "Active InGaAsP/InP photonic bandgap waveguides for wavelength-selective switching," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 47, No. 2, 172-181, Feb. 2011.
doi:10.1109/JQE.2010.2053838        Google Scholar

17. Song, B. S., S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, "Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity," Nature Materials, Vol. 4, No. 3, 207-210, 2005.
doi:10.1038/nmat1320        Google Scholar

18. Kuramochi, E., M. Notomi, M. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, and T. Tanabe, "Ultrahigh-Q photonic rystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect ," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 88, 041112, 2006.
doi:10.1063/1.2167801        Google Scholar

19. Notomi, M., E. Kuramochi, and H. Taniyama, "Ultrahigh-Q nanocavity with 1D photonic gap," Optics Express, Vol. 16, No. 15, 11095-11102, 2008.
doi:10.1364/OE.16.011095        Google Scholar

20. Md Zain, A. R., N. P. Johnson, M. Sorel, and R. M. De la Rue, "Ultra high quality factor one dimensional photonic crystal/photonic wire micro-cavities in silicon-on-insulator (SOI)," Optics Express, Vol. 16, No. 16, 12084-12089, 2008.
doi:10.1364/OE.16.012084        Google Scholar

21. Khan, M., T. Babinec, M. W. McCutcheon, P. Deotare, and M. Loncar, "Fabrication and characterization of high-quality factor silicon nitride nanobeam cavities," Optics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 3, 421-423, 2011.
doi:10.1364/OL.36.000421        Google Scholar

22. Quan, Q., P. B. Deotare, and M. Lonkar, "Photonic crystal nanobeam cavity strongly coupled to the feeding waveguide," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 96, 203102, 2010.
doi:10.1063/1.3429125        Google Scholar

23. Frank, I. W., P. B. Deotare, M. W. McCutcheon, and M. Loncar, "Programmable photonic crystal nanobeam cavities," Optics Express, Vol. 18, No. 8, 8705-8712, 2010.
doi:10.1364/OE.18.008705        Google Scholar

24. Bayn, I., B. Meyler, J. Salzman, and R. Kalish, "Triangular nanobeam photonic cavities in single-crystal diamond," New ournal of Physics, Vol. 13, 025018, 2011.
doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/2/025018        Google Scholar

25. Qualtieri, A., F. Pisanello, M. Grande, T. Stomeo, L. Martiradonna, G. Epifani, A. Fiore, A. Passaseo, and M. De Vittorio, "Emission control of colloidal nanocrystals embedded in Si3N4 photonic crystal H1 nanocavities," Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 87, 1435-1438, 2010.
doi:10.1016/j.mee.2009.11.133        Google Scholar

26. Lalanne, P., C. Sauvan, and J. Hugonin, "Photon confinement in photonic crystal nanocavities," Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 2, 514-526, 2008.
doi:10.1002/lpor.200810018        Google Scholar

27. RSoft Suite, FullWAVE user guide.

28. Pisanello, F., L. Martiradonna, A. Qualtieri, T. Stomeo, M. Grande, P. P. Pompa, R. Cingolani, A. Bramati, and M. De Vittorio, "Silicon nitride PhC nanocavities as versatile platform for visible spectral range devices," Photonics and Nanostructures --- Fundamentals and Applications, Aug. 22, 2011, ISSN 1569-4410, Available online, 10.1016/j.photonics.2011.08.003.        Google Scholar

29. Rivoire, K., S. Buckley, and J. Vuckovic, "Multiply resonant high quality photonic crystal nanocavities," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 99, 013114, 2011.
doi:10.1063/1.3607281        Google Scholar