2012-05-16
Impact of the Wave Number Estimation in Underground Focused SAR Imaging
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 32, 29-38, 2012
Abstract
This work studies the impact of estimating soil wave number in Underground Focused SAR imaging for tunnel detection applications. It is demonstrated that neglecting wave refraction at the ground surface results in poor underground imaging; however, by considering refraction with inexact, yet sufficiently high, estimates of soil dielectric constant, clear target images can be produced. In addition, using a wrong wave number for the soil incorrectly predicts the tunnel's depth, but gives positive identification of its transverse extent.
Citation
Fernando Quivira, Jose Angel Martinez-Lorenzo, and Carey Rappaport, "Impact of the Wave Number Estimation in Underground Focused SAR Imaging," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 32, 29-38, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERL11120519
References

1. U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency "Agents investigate new tunnel found in nogales,", December 2009, [Online]. Available:http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news releases/archive-s/2009 news releases/dec 2009/12302009 3.xml..
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2029341        Google Scholar

2. U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency agents foil two smuggling attempts "U.S. border patrol,", May 2009, [Online]. Available: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news releases/archives/2009 news releases/may 2009/05112009 2.xml.
doi:10.1109/THS.2009.5168103        Google Scholar

3. Lo Monte, L., D. Erricolo, F. Soldovieri, and M. Wicks, "Radio frequency tomography for tunnel detection," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 48, No. 3, 1128-1137, 2010.
doi:10.1109/22.989977        Google Scholar

4. West, P., "Tunnel and subsurface void detection and range to target measurement," IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, 677-684, 2009.        Google Scholar

5. Carin, L., J. Sichina, and J. Harvey, "Microwave underground propagation and detection," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, No. 3, 945-952, 2010.        Google Scholar

6. Brown, R., E. Lynch, D. Mokry, J. VanDamme, R. Schneible, and M. Wicks, "Near field focusing algorithm for high frequency ground penetration imaging radar," The Record of the 1999 IEEE Radar Conference, 66-71, 1999.        Google Scholar

7. Department of Homeland Security "Tunnel detection technologies project,", January 2007, [Online]. Available: https://baa.st.dhs.gov/Solicitations/BAA07-01A TunnelDetectionTechnologiesProject.pdf.        Google Scholar

8. Skolnik, M. Radar Handbook, McGraw-Hill, USA, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER04031601

9. Carrara, W. G., R. S. Goodman, and R. M. Majewski, Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms, Artech House, Inc., USA, 1995.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2051952

10. Chan, Y. K., B.-K. Chung, and H.-T. Chuah, "Transmitter and receiver design of an experimental airborne synthetic aperture radar sensor," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 49, 203-218, 2004.
doi:10.1109/APS.2009.5172388        Google Scholar

11. Martinez, J., C. Rappaport, and F. Quivira, "Physical limitations on detecting tunnels using underground focusing synthetic aperture radar," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 49, No. 1, 65-70, 2011.        Google Scholar

12. Martinez-Lorenzo, J. and C. Rappaport, "Underground focusing spotlight synthetic aperture radar for tunnel detection applications," IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, 1-4, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2007.901004        Google Scholar

13. Johansson, E. M. and J. E. Mast, "Three-dimensional ground penetrating radar imaging using synthetic aperture time-domain focusing," Conference on Advanced Microwave and Milimeter Wave Detectors, 205-214, 1994.        Google Scholar

14. Rappaport, C., "Accurate determination of underground GPR wavefront and B-scan shape from above-ground point sources," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, No. 8, 2429-2434, 2007.
doi:10.1109/20.767253        Google Scholar

15. Rappaport, C. and A. Morgenthaler, "FDFD modeling of plane wave interactions with buried objects under rough surfaces," IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, 318, 2001.        Google Scholar

16. Marengo, E., C. Rappaport, and E. Miller, "Optimum PML ABC conductivity profile in FDFD," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1506-1509, 1999.        Google Scholar

17. Rappaport, C., M. Kilmer, and E. Miller, "Accuracy considerations in using the PML ABC with FDFD Helmholtz equation computation," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 13, No. 471, 471-482, 2000.        Google Scholar

18. Von Hippel, A. R., "Table of Dielectric Materials," MIT Press, USA,, 1953.
doi: --- Either ISSN or Journal title must be supplied.        Google Scholar

19. Farid, A., J. Martinez-Lorenzo, A. Alshanabkeh, and C. Rappaport, "Experimental validation of a numerical forward model for tunnel detection using cross-borehole radar," ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2012.
doi: --- Either ISSN or Journal title must be supplied.        Google Scholar