volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The problem of characterizing random sources from near-field measurements and of devising the random field sampling procedure is tackled by a stochastic approach. The presented technique is an extension of that introduced in [A. Capozzoli, et al., Field sampling and field reconstruction: a new perspective, Radio Sci., vol. 45, 2010] and successfully adopted to experimentally characterize deterministic (CW and multi-frequency) radiators and fields. Under the assumption that the source is wide sense stationary, quasi-monochromatic and incoherent, its intensity is reconstructed by time-domain field measurements aimed at extracting information from the mutual coherence of the acquired near-field. The linear relation between the field coherence and the source intensity is inverted by using the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) approach, properly representing the source intensity distribution by exploiting the a priori information (e.g., its size and shape) on the radiator. The sampling of the radiated random field is devised by a singular value optimization procedure of the relevant finite dimensional linear operator. Experimental results using a slotted reverberation chamber as incoherent source assess the performance of the approach.

1. Clayton, R. P., Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, J. Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2006.

2. Fang, H., S. Changsheng, L. Deyun, and L. Guoding, "Measurement of radiated emission from PC computer system," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Symp. on Electromag. Compat., 208-209, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA, Aug. 12-16, 1991. Google Scholar

3. Criel, S., L. Martens, and D. De Zutter, "Theoretical and experimental near-field characterization of perforated shields," IEEE Trans. on Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 36, No. 3, 161-168, Aug. 1994.
doi:10.1109/15.305460 Google Scholar

4. Slattery, K. P., J. W. Neal, and W. Cui, "Near-field measurements f VLSI devices," IEEE Trans. on Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 41, No. 4, 374-384, Nov. 1999.
doi:10.1109/15.809825 Google Scholar

5. Antonini, G., S. Cristina, and A. Orlandi, "EMC characterization of SMPS devices: Circuit and radiated emissions model," IEEE Trans. on Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 38, No. 3, 300-309, Aug. 1996.
doi:10.1109/15.536059 Google Scholar

6. Beghou, L., B. Liu, L. Pichon, and F. Costa, "Synthesis of equivalent 3-D models from near field measurements application to the EMC of power printed circuit boards ," IEEE Trans. on Magn., Vol. 45, No. 3, 1650-1653, Mar. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2009.2012767 Google Scholar

7. De Daran, F., J. Chollet-Ricard, F. Lafon, and O. Maurice, "Prediction of the field radiated at one meter from PCB's and microprocessors from near EM field cartography ," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Symp. on Electromag. Compat., 479-482, Istanbul, Turkey, May 11-16, 2003. Google Scholar

8. Corona, P., J. Ladbury, and G. Latmiral, "Reverberation-chamber research-then and now: A review of early work and comparison with current understanding," IEEE Trans. on Electromag. Compat., Vol. 44, No. 1, 87-94, Feb. 2002.
doi:10.1109/15.990714 Google Scholar

9. Sreenivasiah, I., D. C. Chang, and M. T. Ma, "Emission characteristics of electrically small radiating sources from tests inside a TEM cell," IEEE Trans. on Electromag. Compat., Vol. 23, No. 3, 113-121, Aug. 1981.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.1981.303930 Google Scholar

10. Koepke, G., D. Hill, and J. Ladbury, "Directivity of the test device in EMC measurements," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Symp. on Electromag. Compat., 535-539, Washington, DC, USA, Aug. 21-25, 2000. Google Scholar

11. Bolomey, J. C., "Introduction to near-field techniques for EMC applications: State of the art and prospectives," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Symp. on Electromag. Compat., 356 Montreal, CA, Aug. 13-17, 2001.

12. Regué, J.-R., M. Ribó, J. M. Garrell, and A. Martín, "A genetic algorithm based method for source identification and far-field radiated emissions prediction from near-field measurements for PCB characterization," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 43, No. 4, 520-530, Nov. 2001.
doi:10.1109/15.974631 Google Scholar

13. Baudry, D., C. Arcambal, A. Louis, B. Mazari, and P. Eudeline, "Applications of the near-field techniques in EMC investigations," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 49, No. 3, 485-493, Aug. 2007.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2007.902194 Google Scholar

14. Manjombe, Y. T., Y. Azzouz, D. Baudry, B. Ravelo, and M. E. H. Benbouzid, "Experimental investigation on the power electronic transistor parameters influence to the near-field radiation for the EMC applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 21, 189-209, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIERM11092302 Google Scholar

15. Deschrijver, D., F. Vanhee, D. Pissoort, and T. Dhaene, "Automated near-field scanning algorithm for the EMC analysis of electronic devices," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 54, No. 3, 502-510, Jun. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2011.2163821 Google Scholar

16. Chevallier, D., D. Baudry, and A. Louis, "Development of an optical near-field test bench for EMC application," Proc. of the Int. Symp. on Electromagn. Compat., 531-536, York, UK, Sep. 26-30, 2012. Google Scholar

17. Laurin, J. J., Z. Ouardhiri, and J. Colinas, "Near-field imaging of radiated emission sources on printed-circuit boards," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Symp. on Electromagn. Compat., 368-373, Montreal, CA, Aug. 13-17, 2001. Google Scholar

18. Taaghol, A. and T. Sarkar, "Near-field to near/far-field transfor-mation for arbitrary near-field geometry, utilizing an equivalent magnetic current ," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 38, No. 3, 536-542, Aug. 1996.
doi:10.1109/15.536088 Google Scholar

19. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, G. D'Elia, and A. Liseno, "Singular-value optimization in plane-polar near-field antenna characterization," IEEE Antennas Prop. Mag., Vol. 52, No. 2, 103-112, Apr. 2010. Google Scholar

20. Yaghjian, A., "An overview of near-field antenna measurements," IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 34, No. 1, 30-45, Jan. 1986.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1986.1143727 Google Scholar

21. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, A. Liseno, and P. Vinetti, "Field sampling and field reconstruction: A new perspective," Radio Sci., Vol. 45, RS6004, 2010, doi:10.1029/2009RS004298. Google Scholar

22. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, and A. Liseno, "Multi-frequency planar near-field scanning by means of Singular-Value Decomposition (SVD) optimization," IEEE Antennas Prop. Mag., Vol. 53, No. 6, 212-221, Dec. 2011.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2011.6157759 Google Scholar

23. Fourestié, B., Z. Altman, J. C. Bolomey, J. Wiart, and F. Brouaye, "Statistical modal analysis applied to near-field measurements of random emissions," IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 50, No. 12, 1803-1812, Dec. 2002.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.807495 Google Scholar

24. De Jongh, R. V., M. Hajian, and L. P. Ligthart, "Antenna time-domain techniques," IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 39, No. 5, 7-12, Oct. 1997. Google Scholar

25. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, G. D'Elia, and A. Liseno, "Phaseless antenna characterization by effective aperture field and data representations," IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 57, No. 1, 215-230, Jan. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.2009647 Google Scholar

26. Fourestié, B., J. C. Bolomey, T. Sarrebourse, Z. Altman, and J. Wiart, "Spherical near field facility for characterizing random emissions," IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 53, No. 8, 2582-2589, Aug. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.851847 Google Scholar

27. Gennarelli, C., M. Migliaccio, and C. Savarese, "On the interpolation of stochastic E. M. fields,", 1622-1625, Seattle, WA, Jun. 20-24, 1994. Google Scholar

28. LaHaie, I. J., Inverse source problem for three-dimensional partially coherent sources and fields, Vol. 2, No. 1, 35, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A.
, Jan. 1985.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.2.000035 Google Scholar

29. Goodman, J. W., Introduction to Fourier Optics, McGraw-Hill, San Francisco, CA, 1968.

30. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, A. Esposito, and A. Liseno, "Field sampling of incoherent sources," Proc. of the Antennas and Propagation Soc. Int. Symp., 1646-1649, Spokane, WA, Jul. 3-8, 2011.

31. Jones, D. S. J., Methods in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, IEEE Press, New York, NY, 1995.

32. Born, M. and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999.

33. Devaney, A. J., "The inverse problem for random sources," J. Math. Phys., Vol. 20, No. 8, 1687-1691, 1979.
doi:10.1063/1.524277 Google Scholar

34. Landau, H. J. and H. O. Pollak, "Prolate spheroidal wave functions, Fourier analysis and uncertainty III: The dimension of essentially time- and band-limited signals," Bell Syst. Tech. J., Vol. 41, 1295-1336, Jul. 1962. Google Scholar

35. Marks, D. L., R. A. Stack, and D. J. Brady, "Three-dimensional coherence imaging in the Fresnel domain," Appl. Opt., Vol. 38, No. 8, 1332-1342, Mar. 1999.
doi:10.1364/AO.38.001332 Google Scholar

36. Collin, R. E., Field Theory of Guided Waves, IEEE Press, New York, 1991.

37. Hansen, T. B. and A. D. Yaghjian, "Planar near-field scanning in the time domain, Part 1: Formulation," IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 42, No. 9, 1280-1291, Sep. 1994.
doi:10.1109/8.318649 Google Scholar

38. Harrington, R. F., Time-harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, IEEE Press, New York, 2001.

39. LaHaie, I. J., "Uniqueness of the inverse source problem for quasi-homogeneous, partially coherent sources," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 3, No. 7, 1073-1079, Jul. 1986.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.3.001073 Google Scholar

40. Hoenders, B. J. and H. P. Baltes, "On the existence of non-radiating frequencies in the radiation from a stochastic current distribution," J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., Vol. 13, No. 3, 995-1006, Mar. 1980.
doi:10.1088/0305-4470/13/3/032 Google Scholar

41. Helstrom, C. W., "Modal decomposition of aperture fields in detection and estimation of incoherent objects," J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. 60, No. 4, 521-530, Apr. 1970.
doi:10.1364/JOSA.60.000521 Google Scholar

42. Twomey, S., "The application of numerical filtering to the solution of integral equations encountered in indirect sensing measurements," J. Franklin Inst., Vol. 279, No. 2, 95-109, 1965.
doi:10.1016/0016-0032(65)90209-7 Google Scholar

43. Bertero, M. and P. Boccacci, Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK, 1998.

44. Gori, F. and G. Guattari, "Shannon number and degrees of freedom of an image," Opt. Commun., Vol. 7, No. 2, 163-165, Feb. 1973.
doi:10.1016/0030-4018(73)90091-6 Google Scholar

45. Kildal, P. S. and K. Rosengren, "Correlation and capacity of MIMO systems and mutual coupling, radiation efficiency, and diversity gain of their antennas: Simulations and measurements in a reverberation chamber," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 42, No. 12, 104-112, Dec. 2004.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.2004.1367562 Google Scholar

46. Hill, D. A., "Plane wave integral representation for fields in reverberation chambers," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 40, No. 3, 209-217, Aug. 1998.
doi:10.1109/15.709418 Google Scholar

47. Rahmat-Samii, Y., V. Galindo-Israel, and R. Mittra, "A plane-polar approach for far-field construction from near-field measurements," IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 28, No. 2, 216-230, Mar. 1980.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1980.1142316 Google Scholar

48. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, and A. Liseno, "Multi-frequency, multi-resolution and probe compensated advanced near-field antenna characterization," Proc. of the Europ. Conf. on Antennas Prop., 2542-2546, Prague, Czech Republic, Mar. 26-30, 2012.

49. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), , CISPR 16: Specifications for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, 2010.

50. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, G. D'Elia, F. Ferrara, C. Gennarelli, R. Guerriero, and A. Liseno, "A probe compensated helicoidal NF-FF transformation for aperture antennas using a prolate spheroidal expansion," Int. J. of Antennas Prop., Vol. 2012, Article ID 753156, 13 pages, 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/753156. Google Scholar

51. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, G. D'Elia, and A. Liseno, "Mapping the electromagnetic field intensity at the ground: Analysis of an incoherent scene and extension to a partially coherent scenario," Proc. of the XVI Riunione Nazionale di Elettromagnetismo, 388-391, Genoa, Italy, Sep. 18-21, 2006. Google Scholar

52. A new, non perturbing system, for the measurement of high frequency electromagnetic fields, National Coordinator: G. D'Elia, Progetto di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale, Research Program Funded by the Italian Ministry for University and Research, Apr. 2005.

Prof. Amedeo Capozzoli

Dr. Claudio Curcio

Dr. Angelo Liseno