volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper presents a testing scheme for the steel corrosion in reinforced concrete based on near-field effect of meter wave. The physical mechanism of the near-field method was introduced, and the structure of the measurement device was presented in detail. The electromagnetic field near the steel bar buried in the concrete structure was simulated by the finite difference time domain method. The simulated data show that the mean radiation power decreases monotonously with the increase of the corroded depth of the steel bar, and the corroded area is promising to be imaged directly due to the localization of near field. The results indicate that the near-field technique can act as a new nondestructive testing technique to detect and even image the corrosion area buried in concrete in engineering structure.

1. Zhu, X., G. Zi, W. Lee, S. Kim, and J. Kong, "Probabilistic analysis of reinforcement corrosion due to the combined action of carbonation and chloride ingress in concrete," Constr. Build. Mater., Vol. 124, 667-680, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.120 Google Scholar

2. Rehman, S. K. U., Z. Ibrahim, S. A. Memon, and M. Jameel, "Nondestructive test methods for concrete bridges: A review," Constr. Build. Mater., Vol. 107, 58-86, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.011 Google Scholar

3. Česen, A., T. Kosec, and A. Legat, "Characterization of steel corrosion in mortar by various electrochemical and physical techniques," Corros. Sci., Vol. 75, 47-57, 2013.
doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2013.05.015 Google Scholar

4. Reou, J. S. and K. Y. Ann, "Electrochemical assessment on the corrosion risk of steel embedment in OPC concrete depending on the corrosion detection techniques," Mater. Chem. Phys., Vol. 113, No. 1, 78-84, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.063 Google Scholar

5. Yeih, W. and R. Huang, "Detection of the corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members by ultrasonic testing," Cem. Concr. Res., Vol. 28, No. 7, 1071-1083, 1998.
doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00060-X Google Scholar

6. Patil, S., B. Karkare, and S. Goyal, "Acoustic emission vis-a-vis electrochemical techniques for corrosion monitoring of reinforced concrete element," Constr. Build. Mater., Vol. 68, 326-332, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.068 Google Scholar

7. Zaki, A., H. K. Chai, D. G. Aggelis, and N. Alver, "Non-destructive evaluation for corrosion monitoring in concrete: A review and capability of acoustic emission technique," Sensors, Vol. 15, No. 8, 19069-19101, 2015.
doi:10.3390/s150819069 Google Scholar

8. Ohtsu, M., K. Mori, and Y. Kawasaki, "Corrosion process and mechanisms of corrosion-induced cracks in reinforced concrete identified by AE analysis," Strain, Vol. 47, 179-186, 2011.
doi:10.1111/j.1475-1305.2010.00754.x Google Scholar

9. Xu, C., N. Zhou, J. Xie, X. Gong, G. Chen, and G. Song, "Investigation on eddy current pulsed thermography to detect hidden cracks on corroded metal surface," NDT E Int., Vol. 84, 27-35, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.07.002 Google Scholar

10. Cacciola, M., S. Calcagno, G. Megali, F. C. Morabito, D. Pellicano, and M. Versaci, "FEA design and misfit minimization for in-depth flaw characterization in metallic plates with eddy current nondestructive testing," IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 45, No. 3, 1506-1509, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2009.2012691 Google Scholar

11. Buonsanti, M., M. Cacciola, G. Megali, F. C. Morabito, D. Pellicanò, and M. Versaci, "A rotating magnetic field for detection of cracks in metal welded joints and quality control," Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, Paper 68, Stirlingshire, UK, 2008. Google Scholar

12. Kylili, A., P. A. Fokaides, P. Christou, and S. A. Kalogirou, "Infrared thermography (IRT) applications for building diagnostics: A review," Appl. Energy, Vol. 134, 531-549, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.005 Google Scholar

13. Bagavathiappan, S., B. B. Lahiri, T. Saravanan, J. Philip, and T. Jayakumar, "Infrared thermography for condition monitoring - A review," Infrared Phys. Technol., Vol. 60, 35-55, 2013.
doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2013.03.006 Google Scholar

14. Kobayashi, K. and N. Banthia, "Corrosion detection in reinforced concrete using induction heating and infrared thermography," J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit., Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 25-35, 2011.
doi:10.1007/s13349-010-0002-4 Google Scholar

15. Hong, S., H. Wiggenhauser, R. Helmerich, B. Dong, P. Dong, and F. Xing, "Long-term monitoring of reinforcement corrosion in concrete using ground penetrating radar," Corros. Sci., Vol. 114, 123-132, 2017.
doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2016.11.003 Google Scholar

16. Zhang, H., L. Liao, R. Zhao, J. Zhou, M. Yang, and R. Xia, "The non-destructive test of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete bridges using a micro-magnetic sensor," Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 9, 1439, 2016.
doi:10.3390/s16091439 Google Scholar

17. Fernandes, B., D. Nims, and V. Devabhaktuni, "Comprehensive MMF-MFL inspection for corrosion detection and estimation in embedded prestressing strands," J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit., Vol. 4, No. 1, 43-55, 2014.
doi:10.1007/s13349-013-0061-4 Google Scholar

18. Xu, Y., K. Li, L. Liu, L. Yang, X. Wang, and Y. Huang, "Experimental study on rebar corrosion using the galvanic sensor combined with the electronic resistance technique," Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 9, 1451, 2016.
doi:10.3390/s16091451 Google Scholar

19. Tan, C. H., Y. G. Shee, B. K. Yap, and F. R. M. Adikan, "Fiber Bragg grating based sensing system: Early corrosion detection for structural health monitoring," Sens. Actuators Phys., Vol. 246, 123-128, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.sna.2016.04.028 Google Scholar

20. Mao, J., J. Chen, L. Cui, W. Jin, C. Xu, and Y. He, "Monitoring the corrosion process of reinforced concrete using BOTDA and FBG sensors," Sensors, Vol. 15, No. 4, 8866-8883, 2015.
doi:10.3390/s150408866 Google Scholar

21. Takahashi, Y., "In-situ X-ray diffraction of corrosion products formed on iron surfaces," Mater. Trans., Vol. 46, No. 3, 637-642, 2005.
doi:10.2320/matertrans.46.637 Google Scholar

22. Wu, Z., "Imaging of soft material with carbon nanotube tip using near-field scanning microwave microscopy," Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 148, 75-80, 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.09.008 Google Scholar

23. Kawata, S., Y. Inouye, and P. Verma, "Plasmonics for near-field nano-imaging and superlensing," Nat. Photonics, Vol. 3, No. 7, 388-394, 2009.
doi:10.1038/nphoton.2009.111 Google Scholar

24. Oka, S., H. Togo, N. Kukutsu, and T. Nagatsuma, "Latest trends in millimeter-wave imaging technology," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 1, 197-204, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERL07120604 Google Scholar

25. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

26. Wang, P., Y. Pei, and L. Zhou, "Near-field microwave identification and quantitative evaluation of liquid ingress in honeycomb sandwich structures," NDT E Int., Vol. 83, 32-37, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.06.002 Google Scholar

27. Haddadi, K., S. Gu, and T. Lasri, "Sensing of liquid droplets with a scanning near-field microwave microscope," Sens. Actuators Phys., Vol. 230, 170-174, 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.sna.2015.04.028 Google Scholar

28. Hussein, K. F. A., "Efficient near-field computation for radiation and scattering from conducting surfaces of arbitrary shape," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 69, 267-285, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07010302 Google Scholar

29. Haddadi, K., J. Marzouk, S. Gu, S. Arscott, G. Dambrine, and T. Lasri, "Interferometric near-field microwave microscopy platform for electromagnetic micro-analysis," Procedia Eng., Vol. 87, 388-391, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.733 Google Scholar

30. Esslinger, M. and R. Vogelgesang, "Reciprocity theory of apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy with point-dipole probes," Acs Nano, Vol. 6, No. 9, 8173-8182, 2012.
doi:10.1021/nn302864d Google Scholar

31. Sundaramurthy, A., P. J. Schuck, N. R. Conley, D. P. Fromm, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, "Toward nanometer-scale optical photolithography: Utilizing the near-field of bowtie optical nanoantennas," Nano Lett., Vol. 6, No. 3, 355-360, 2006.
doi:10.1021/nl052322c Google Scholar

32. Gao, C., X. Xiang, and Z. Wu, "Novel scanning tip microwave near-field microscopy," Physics, Vol. 68, No. 68, 3506-3508, 1999. Google Scholar

33. Castro, A. F., M. Valcuende, and B. Vidal, "Using microwave near-field reflection measurements as a non-destructive test to determine water penetration depth of concrete," NDT E Int., Vol. 75, 26-32, 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2015.06.003 Google Scholar

Dr. Ruiqiang Zhao

Dr. Hong Zhang

Dr. Jianting Zhou

Professor Leng Liao

Dr. Runchuan Xia