volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper presents an extension and update of a theoretical procedure developed by the authors for the determination of the electromagnetic waves scattering at interfaces between dielectric waveguides in cascade. The theoretical core of the problem is based on the generalized scattering matrix concept, together with the generalized telegraphist equations formulism and the modal matching technique. The new version includes the following updates: a) possibility of using any material as waveguide cover, b) inclusion of alternating microchannels with optical waveguides, and c) possibility of analyzing periodic structures of segmented optical waveguides for sensing applications. The spectral results obtained for modulus and phase of the reflection and transmission coefficients have shown the potentiality of the new proposal in the scientific topics of photonic crystals, refractive index sensors and optical biosensors.

1. Rodrıguez, J., M. G. Granda, A. F. Gavela, S. J. A. Presa, M. R. Lastra, and S. F. Fernandez, "Electromagnetic waves scattering at interfaces between dielectric waveguides: A review on analysis and applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 37, 103-124, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11083106 Google Scholar

2. Halir, R., et al. "Waveguide sub-wavelength structures: A review of principles and applications," Laser Photonics Rev., Vol. 9, No. 1, 25-49, 2015.
doi:10.1002/lpor.201400083 Google Scholar

3. Alberucci, A., et al. "Light confinement via periodic modulation of the refractive index," New Journal of Physics, Vol. 15, 083013, 2013.
doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/083013 Google Scholar

4. Bhuvaneshwaran, A., et al. "Spectral response of Bragg gratings in multimode polymer waveguides," Applied Optics, Vol. 56, No. 34, 9573-9582, 2017.
doi:10.1364/AO.56.009573 Google Scholar

5. Ortega, D., et al. "Cutoff wavelength of periodically segmented waveguide in Ti:LiNbO3," J. Lightwave Technology, Vol. 16, No. 2, 284-290, 1998.
doi:10.1109/50.661022 Google Scholar

6. Chang-Hasnain, C. J. and W. Yang, "High-contrast gratings for integrated optoelectronics," OSA, Advances in Optics and Photonics, Vol. 4, No. 3, 379-440, 2012.
doi:10.1364/AOP.4.000379 Google Scholar

7. Hopman, W. C. L., et al. "Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 1, 11-16, 2005.
doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2004.841693 Google Scholar

8. Lumeau, J., et al. "Micromirrors with controlled amplitude and phase," Applied Optics, Vol. 56, No. 20, 5655-5660, 2017.
doi:10.1364/AO.56.005655 Google Scholar

9. Lambeck, P. V., "Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain," Institute of Physics Publishing. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 17, R93-R116, 2006.
doi:10.1088/0957-0233/17/8/R01 Google Scholar

10. Kehl, F., et al. "Design of a label-free, distributed Bragg grating resonator based dielectric waveguide biosensor," Photonics, Vol. 2, 124-138, 2015.
doi:10.3390/photonics2010124 Google Scholar

11. Sahoo, P. K., et al. "High sensitivity guided-mode resonance optical sensor employing phase detection," Nature Scientific Reports, 1-7, 2017. Google Scholar

12. Dutta, et al., Planar Waveguide Optical Sensors. From Theory to Applications, Chapter 2, Springer International Publishing, 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-35140-7.

13. Taleb, H. and M. K. Moravvej-Farshi, "Designing a low-threshold quantum-dot laser based on a slow-light photonic crystal waveguide," Applied Optics, Vol. 56, No. 35, 9629-9636, 2017.
doi:10.1364/AO.56.009629 Google Scholar

14. Delonge, T. and H. Fouckhardt, "Integrated optical detection cell based on bragg reflecting waveguides," Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 716, 135-139, 1995.
doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)00611-P Google Scholar

15. Veldhuisy, G. J., et al. "An integrated optical Bragg-reflector used as a chemo-optical sensor," Pure Appl. Opt., Vol. 7, L23-L26, 1998.
doi:10.1088/0963-9659/7/1/004 Google Scholar

16. Parker, R. M., et al. "An integrated optofluidic Bragg grating device to measure the dynamic composition of a fluid system," OSA/CLEO/QELS, 2010. Google Scholar

17. Calixto, S., et al. "Diffraction grating-based sensing optofluidic device for measuring the refractive index of liquids," Opt. Express, Vol. 24, No. 1, 180-190, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OE.24.000180 Google Scholar

18. Neustock, L. T., et al. "Optical waveguides with compound multiperiodic grating nanostructures for refractive index sensing," Journal of Sensors, Article ID 6174527, 11 pages, 2016. Google Scholar

19. Hong, Y.-S., et al. "Characterization of a functional hydrogel layer on a silicon-based grating waveguide for a biochemical sensor," Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 914, 1-9, 2016. Google Scholar

20. Pottier, P., et al. "Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 1, 11-16, 2015. Google Scholar

21. Taya, S. A. and S. A. Shaheen, "Binary photonic crystal for refractometric applications (TE case)," Indian Journal of Physics, Vol. 92, No. 4, 519-527, 2018, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-017-1130-z.
doi:10.1007/s12648-017-1130-z Google Scholar

22. Chen, Y., et al. "Planar photonic crystal based multifunctional sensors," Applied Optics, Vol. 56, No. 6, 1771-1780, 2017.
doi:10.1364/AO.56.001775 Google Scholar

23. Sun, F., et al. "Ultra-compact air-mode photonic crystal nanobeam cavity integrated with bandstop filter for refractive index sensing," Applied Optics, Vol. 56, No. 15, 4363-4368, 2017.
doi:10.1364/AO.56.004363 Google Scholar

24. Sagar, H. P., et al. "Transient dynamic distributed strain sensing using photonic crystal waveguides," Applied Optics, Vol. 56, No. 28, 7877-7885, 2017.
doi:10.1364/AO.56.007877 Google Scholar

25. Ramanujam, N. R., et al. "Enhanced sensitivity of cancer cell using one dimensional nano composite material coated photonic crystal," Microsystem Technologies, 1-8, 2018, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-3947-6. Google Scholar

26. Taya, S. A., et al. "Photonic crystal with epsilon negative and double negative materials as an optical sensor," Optical and Quantum Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 5, 222-1-222-11, 2018, Doi: 10.1007/s11082-018-1487-z.
doi:10.1007/s11082-018-1487-z Google Scholar

27. Weissman, Z. and A. Hardy, "Modes of periodically segmented waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 11, No. 11, 1831-1838, 1993.
doi:10.1109/50.251181 Google Scholar

28. Ortega, D., et al. "Quasi-Modes” in periodic segmented waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 17, No. 2, 369-375, 1999.
doi:10.1109/50.744265 Google Scholar

29. Aschieri, P. and A. Picozzi, "Complex behaviour of a ray in a Gaussian index profile periodically segmented waveguide," J. Opt. A Pure Appl., 386-390, 2006.
doi:10.1088/1464-4258/8/5/004 Google Scholar

30. Rubio-Mercedes, C. E., et al. "Analysis of straight periodic segmented waveguide using the 2-D finite element method," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 32, No. 11, 2163-2169, 2014.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2014.2321047 Google Scholar

31. Sharma, M., et al. "Periodically-segmented liquid crystal core waveguides," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 50, 1-5, 2017. Google Scholar

32. Weissman, Z. and I. Hendel, "Analysis of periodically segmented waveguide mode expanders," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 13, No. 10, 2053-2058, 1995.
doi:10.1109/50.469728 Google Scholar

33. Tomljenovic-Hanic, S. and J. D. Love, "Planar waveguide add/drop wavelength filters based on segmented gratings," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 37, No. 3, 163-165, 2003.
doi:10.1002/mop.10855 Google Scholar

34. Weissman, Z., "Evanescent field sensors with periodically segmented waveguides," Applied Optics, Vol. 36, No. 6, 1218-1222, 1997.
doi:10.1364/AO.36.001218 Google Scholar

35. Weissman, Z., et al. "Mach-Zehnder type, evanescent-wave bio-sensor, in ion-exchanged glass, using periodically segmented waveguide," SPIE Conference on Specialty Fiber Optics for Medical Applications, San Jose, California, SPIE, Vol. 3596, 210-216, 1999.
doi:10.1117/12.346721 Google Scholar

36. Weissman, Z., et al. "Segmented waveguides and their applications for biosensing," Integrated Optics Devices IV, Giancarlo C. Righini, Seppo Honkanen, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3936, 284-292, 2000.
doi:10.1117/12.379960 Google Scholar

37. Van Lith, J., et al. "The segmented waveguide sensor: Principle and experiments," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 23, No. 1, 355-363, 2005.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2004.834982 Google Scholar

Professor Jose Rodriguez García

Dr. Adrian Fernandez Gavela