volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Recent reports on metasurfaces have focused on beam-deflector, a canonical optical element that can be used to compose other functionalities. Most reported designs, however, are limited to small deflection angles; large-angle (≥50 degrees deflection) transmission-mode beam steering designs show poor efficiency. Furthermore, rapid efficiency degradation is also observed for small deviations in the angle of incidence. This paper presents a numerical study of beam-deflectors based on extended unitcell metagratings (unit-cells containing multiple differently sized nanoantenna members). In comparison to previous reports, the designs achieve significant efficiency improvements, wider acceptance angles and better polarization filtering. The versatility of the design technique is demonstrated by designing polarizing beam deflectors polarization insensitive beam deflectors and prismatic beam deflectors.

1. Genevet, P. and F. Capasso, "Holographic optical metasurfaces: A review of current progress," Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain), Vol. 78, No. 2, 24401, 2015.
doi:10.1088/0034-4885/78/2/024401 Google Scholar

2. Ding, F., A. Pors, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, "Gradient metasurfaces: A review of fundamentals and applications," Reports on Progress in Physics, 81, 2018. Google Scholar

3. Khorasaninejad, M., W. T. Chen, R. C. Devlin, J. Oh, A. Y. Zhu, and F. Capasso, "Metalenses at visible wavelengths: Diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging," Science, Vol. 352, No. 6290, 1190-1194, 2016.
doi:10.1126/science.aaf6644 Google Scholar

4. Zheng, G., H. Mühlenbernd, M. Kenney, G. Li, T. Zentgraf, and S. Zhang, "Metasurface holograms reaching 80% efficiency," Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, No. 4, 308-312, 2015.
doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.2 Google Scholar

5. Vashistha, V., G. Vaidya, R. S. Hegde, A. E. Serebryannikov, N. Bonod, and M. Krawczyk, "All-dielectric metasurfaces based on cross-shaped resonators for color pixels with extended gamut," ACS Photonics, Vol. 4, No. 5, 1076-1082, 2017.
doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00853 Google Scholar

6. Tang, S., T. Cai, G.-M. Wang, J.-G. Liang, X. Li, and J. Yu, "High-efficiency dual-modes vortex beam generator with polarization-dependent transmission and reflection properties," Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, No. 6422, 1-10, 2018. Google Scholar

7. Byrnes, S. J., A. Lenef, F. Aieta, and F. Capasso, "Designing large, high-efficiency, high-numerical-aperture, transmissive meta-lenses for visible light," Optics Express, Vol. 24, No. 5, 5110, 2016.
doi:10.1364/OE.24.005110 Google Scholar

8. Zhou, M., S. B. Sørensen, E. Jøgensen, P. Meincke, O. S. Kim, and O. Breinbjerg, "Analysis of printed reflectarrays using extended local periodicity," Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 1494-1498, 2011. Google Scholar

9. Ra, Y., D. L. Sounas, and A. Alù, "Metagratings: Beyond the limits of graded metasurfaces for wave front control," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, No. 067404, 1-6, 2017. Google Scholar

10. Liu, W. and A. E. Miroshnichenko, "Beam steering with dielectric metalattices," ACS Photonics, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1733-1741, 2018.
doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01217 Google Scholar

11. Epstein, A. and O. Rabinovich, "Unveiling the properties of metagratings via a detailed analytical model for synthesis and analysis," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 8, No. 054037, 1-17, 2017. Google Scholar

12. Donda, K. D. and R. S. Hegde, "Rapid design of wide-area heterogeneous electromagnetic metasurfaces beyond the unit-cell approximation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 60, 1-10, 2017.
doi:10.2528/PIERM17070405 Google Scholar

13. Donda, K. D. and R. S. Hegde, "Evolutionary algorithms for designing metalenses," IEEE International Conference on Microwave and Photonics (ICMAP 2018), 1-2, 2018. Google Scholar

14. Egorov, M. E. V. and J. Scheuer, "Genetically optimized all-dielectric metasurfaces," Optics Express, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2583-2593, 2017.
doi:10.1364/OE.25.002583 Google Scholar

15. Liu, V. and S. Fan, "S4: A free electromagnetic solver for layered periodic structures," Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 183, No. 10, 2233-2244, 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2012.04.026 Google Scholar

16. Yu, Y. F., A. Y. Zhu, R. Paniagua-Domínguez, Y. H. Fu, B. Luk’yanchuk, and A. I. Kuznetsov, "High-transmission dielectric metasurface with 2π phase control at visible wavelengths," Laser and Photonics Reviews, Vol. 9, No. 4, 412-418, 2015.
doi:10.1002/lpor.201500041 Google Scholar

17. Lin, D., M. Melli, E. Poliakov, P. St Hilaire, S. Dhuey, S. Cabrini, M. Brongersma, and M. Klug, "Optical metasurfaces for high angle steering at visible wavelengths," Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 1-8, 2017. Google Scholar

18. Yeom, J., Y. Wu, J. C. Selby, and M. A. Shannon, "Maximum achievable aspect ratio in deep reactive ion etching of silicon due to aspect ratio dependent transport and the microloading effect," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, Vol. 23, No. 6, 2319, 2005.
doi:10.1116/1.2101678 Google Scholar

19. Palik, E. D., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Vol. 2, Academic Press, 1991.

20. "Github repository for metagrating design,", https://github.com/rshegde/metasurfext, Accessed: Aug. 1, 2018. Google Scholar

21. Zhou, Z., J. Li, R. Su, B. Yao, H. Fang, K. Li, L. Zhou, J. Liu, D. Stellinga, C. P. Reardon, T. F. Krauss, and X. Wang, "Efficient silicon metasurfaces for visible light," ACS Photonics, Vol. 4, No. 3, 544-551, 2017.
doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00740 Google Scholar

22. Wang, D., Q. Fan, J. Wang, and Z. Zhang, "All dielectric metasurface beam deflector at the visible frequencies," Opto-Electronic Engineering, Vol. 44, No. 1, 103-107, 2017. Google Scholar

23. Zhang, Q., M. Li, T. Liao, and X. Cui, "Design of beam deflector, splitters, wave plates and metalens using photonic elements with dielectric metasurface," Optics Communications, Vol. 411, No. 596, 93-100, 2018.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2017.11.011 Google Scholar

24. Inampudi, S. and H. Mosallaei, "Neural network based design of metagratings," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 112, No. 241102, 1-5, 2018. Google Scholar

Ms. Krupali D. Donda

Dr. Ravi Hegde