volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

With the progress of technologies though the years, the extent of electromagnetic radiations has increased in our environment, so there are increased concerns about health for wireless device users. It has become a necessity to use devices with low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) to reduce human exposure to the effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EM fields). In this article, the design of a circular microstrip antenna (CMSA) with and without an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is proposed. It is evident from simulated results that CMSA with EBG gives low SAR as compared to CMSA without EBG for the proposed prototype. M-shaped unit cell structure of EBG is designed for 1812 MHz resonance frequency, and a bandwidth of 244 MHz is achieved using CMSA with EBG for LTE Band 3. SAR is reduced by 76.25% when CMSA is used with EBG in comparison to CMSA without EBG.

1. International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association "Guidelines on limits on exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 300 GHz," Health Physics, Vol. 54, No. 1, 115-123, 1988. Google Scholar

2. Zhao, K., S. Zhang, Z. Ying, T. Bolin, and S. He, "SAR study of different MIMO antenna designs for LTE application in smart mobile handsets," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 6, 3270-3279, June 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2013.2250239 Google Scholar

3. Gómez-Villanueva H. Jardón-Aguilar, R. L. Miranda, R., "State of the art methods for low SAR antenna implementation," Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 1-4, Barcelona, Spain, 2010. Google Scholar

4. Islam, M. T., M. R. I. Faruque, and N. Misran, "Reduction of specific absorption rate (SAR) in the human head with ferrite material and metamaterial," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 47-58, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERC09062303 Google Scholar

5. Yang, F. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "A low profile circularly polarized curl antenna over an EBG surface," Microwave Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 31, No. 4, 264-267, 2001.
doi:10.1002/mop.10006 Google Scholar

6. Yang, F. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Reflection phase characterization of an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) surface," Proceedings of IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society, Vol. 3, 744-747, 2002.
doi:10.1109/APS.2002.1018317 Google Scholar

7. Elsheakh, N., H. A. Elsadek, and E. A. Abdallah, "Investigated new embedded shapes of Electromagnetic Band Gap structures and via effect for improved microstrip patch antenna performance," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 20, 91-107, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB09122004 Google Scholar

8. Faruque, M. R. I., M. I. Hossain, and M. T. Islam, "Low specific absorption rate microstrip patch antenna for cellular phone applications," IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 9, No. 14, 1540-1546, 2015.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2014.0861 Google Scholar

9. Yang, F. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna Engineering, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754531

10. Shinde, J. P. and P. N. Shinde, "M-shape electromagnetic-bandgap structures for enhancement in antenna performance," Int. J. Electronics and Communications, Vol. 70, No. 6, 842-849, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2016.03.012 Google Scholar

11. Barnes, F. S. and B. Greenebaum, Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, CRC Press LLC, 2006.

12. Christ, A., A. Klingenbock, T. Samaras, C. Goiceanu, and N. Kuster, "The dependence of electromagnetic far-field absorption on body tissue composition in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 6 GHz," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2188-2195, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2006.872789 Google Scholar

13. ITIS Foundation "Dielectric properties of body tissues,", https://itis.swiss/virtual-population/tissue-properties/database/dielectric-properties. Google Scholar

14. Mohammad, E. G., A. Es-Salhi, and P. M. Mendes, "Shifting the half wave dipole antenna resonance using EBG structure," 27th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), 218-221, Casablanca, 2015. Google Scholar

15. Imaculate, R. and S. Raghavan, "SAR reduction using a single SRR superstrate for a dual-band antenna," Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 1, 39-44, 2016. Google Scholar

16. Alam, T., M. R. I. Faruque, and M. T. Islam, "Specific absorption rate analysis of broadband mobile antenna with negative index metamaterial," Applied Physics A, Vol. 122, No. 3, 2016.
doi:10.1007/s00339-016-9692-8 Google Scholar

17. Faruque, M. R. I., M. I. Hossain, N. Misran, M. Singh, and M. T. Islam, "Metamaterial-embedded low SAR PIFA for cellular phone," PLoS ONE, Vol. 10, No. 11, 2015.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142663 Google Scholar

18. Alam, T., M. R. I. Faruque, and M. T. Islam, "Specific absorption rate reduction of multi-standard mobile antenna with double-negative metamaterial," Electronics Letters, Vol. 51, No. 13, 970-971, 2015.
doi:10.1049/el.2015.1141 Google Scholar

19. Sultan, K., H. Abdullah, E. A. Abdallah, and E. A. Hashish, "Low SAR, compact and multiband antenna," PIERS Proceedings, 748-751, Taipei, March 25–28, 2013. Google Scholar

20. Sultan, K., H. Abdullah, E. A. Abdallah, and E. A. Hashish, "Low-SAR, miniaturized printed antenna for mobile, ISM, and WLAN services," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 12, 1106-1109, 2013.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2013.2280955 Google Scholar

21. Faruque, M. R. I., M. T. Islam, and N. Misran, "Electromagnetic (EM) absorption reduction in a muscle cube with metamaterial attachment," Medical Engineering & Physics, Vol. 33, No. 5, 646-652, 2011.
doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.12.004 Google Scholar

Dr. Mahesh Munde

Dr. Anil Nandgaonkar

Dr. Shankar B. Deosarkar