Vol. 115
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERB 116 [2026] PIERB 115 [2025] PIERB 114 [2025] PIERB 113 [2025] PIERB 112 [2025] PIERB 111 [2025] PIERB 110 [2025] PIERB 109 [2024] PIERB 108 [2024] PIERB 107 [2024] PIERB 106 [2024] PIERB 105 [2024] PIERB 104 [2024] PIERB 103 [2023] PIERB 102 [2023] PIERB 101 [2023] PIERB 100 [2023] PIERB 99 [2023] PIERB 98 [2023] PIERB 97 [2022] PIERB 96 [2022] PIERB 95 [2022] PIERB 94 [2021] PIERB 93 [2021] PIERB 92 [2021] PIERB 91 [2021] PIERB 90 [2021] PIERB 89 [2020] PIERB 88 [2020] PIERB 87 [2020] PIERB 86 [2020] PIERB 85 [2019] PIERB 84 [2019] PIERB 83 [2019] PIERB 82 [2018] PIERB 81 [2018] PIERB 80 [2018] PIERB 79 [2017] PIERB 78 [2017] PIERB 77 [2017] PIERB 76 [2017] PIERB 75 [2017] PIERB 74 [2017] PIERB 73 [2017] PIERB 72 [2017] PIERB 71 [2016] PIERB 70 [2016] PIERB 69 [2016] PIERB 68 [2016] PIERB 67 [2016] PIERB 66 [2016] PIERB 65 [2016] PIERB 64 [2015] PIERB 63 [2015] PIERB 62 [2015] PIERB 61 [2014] PIERB 60 [2014] PIERB 59 [2014] PIERB 58 [2014] PIERB 57 [2014] PIERB 56 [2013] PIERB 55 [2013] PIERB 54 [2013] PIERB 53 [2013] PIERB 52 [2013] PIERB 51 [2013] PIERB 50 [2013] PIERB 49 [2013] PIERB 48 [2013] PIERB 47 [2013] PIERB 46 [2013] PIERB 45 [2012] PIERB 44 [2012] PIERB 43 [2012] PIERB 42 [2012] PIERB 41 [2012] PIERB 40 [2012] PIERB 39 [2012] PIERB 38 [2012] PIERB 37 [2012] PIERB 36 [2012] PIERB 35 [2011] PIERB 34 [2011] PIERB 33 [2011] PIERB 32 [2011] PIERB 31 [2011] PIERB 30 [2011] PIERB 29 [2011] PIERB 28 [2011] PIERB 27 [2011] PIERB 26 [2010] PIERB 25 [2010] PIERB 24 [2010] PIERB 23 [2010] PIERB 22 [2010] PIERB 21 [2010] PIERB 20 [2010] PIERB 19 [2010] PIERB 18 [2009] PIERB 17 [2009] PIERB 16 [2009] PIERB 15 [2009] PIERB 14 [2009] PIERB 13 [2009] PIERB 12 [2009] PIERB 11 [2009] PIERB 10 [2008] PIERB 9 [2008] PIERB 8 [2008] PIERB 7 [2008] PIERB 6 [2008] PIERB 5 [2008] PIERB 4 [2008] PIERB 3 [2008] PIERB 2 [2008] PIERB 1 [2008]
2025-08-22
A New Spatial Detection Technique Using New RF Codes for Microwave-Based Object Localization System
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 115, 38-50, 2025
Abstract
Microwave-based object localization system is a noninvasive technique that uses microwave signals to detect, map, and analyze the properties of materials. This approach provides information about hidden objects within materials. However, the localization process can be complex, requiring sophisticated algorithms to interpret the signals accurately. This study proposes a new technique for microwave-based object localization system using Radio Frequency (RF) Codes to perform spatial detection with four pairs of RF Code sensors representing bits of ``111,'' ``110,'' ``101,'' and ``011.'' The system incorporates four identical RF Code paths arranged symmetrically around a circular container, improving spatial coverage and enabling accurate detection of hidden objects located at eight different spatial positions. Steel is used as the hidden object, while Stone serves as Material X in this system. The system achieved an average detection accuracy of 70% and a detection efficiency close to 100% across all spatial positions. Additionally, the RF Code performance chart is designed to interpret the detection accuracy results, making the analysis more accessible and practical. The proposed system has potential applications in nondestructive testing, material analysis, industrial inspection, and security systems, offering a reliable and efficient solution for detecting hidden or embedded objects.
Citation
Mohd Adzimnuddin Mohd Nor Azami, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz, Abd Shukur Ja'afar, Mohd Riduan Bin Ahmad, and Mohd Sufian Abu Talib, "A New Spatial Detection Technique Using New RF Codes for Microwave-Based Object Localization System," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 115, 38-50, 2025.
doi:10.2528/PIERB24122405
References

1. Origlia, Cristina, David O. Rodriguez-Duarte, Jorge A. Tobon Vasquez, Jean-Charles Bolomey, and Francesca Vipiana, "Review of microwave near-field sensing and imaging devices in medical applications," Sensors, Vol. 24, No. 14, 4515, Jul. 2024.
doi:10.3390/s24144515

2. Sobkiewicz, Przemysław, Paweł Bieńkowski, and Wojciech Błażejewski, "Microwave non-destructive testing for delamination detection in layered composite pipelines," Sensors, Vol. 21, No. 12, 4168, Jun. 2021.
doi:10.3390/s21124168

3. Tao, Yu Heng, Anthony J. Fitzgerald, and Vincent P. Wallace, "Non-contact, non-destructive testing in various industrial sectors with terahertz technology," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 3, 712, 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20030712

4. Liu, Chang, Chang Wang, Weite Zhang, Raquel Martinez-Lopez, and Jose Martinez-Lorenzo, "Microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging of subsurface 3D water-oil displacement in porous sand," Authorea Preprints, Jul. 2024.

5. Hampel, Uwe, Laurent Babout, Robert Banasiak, Eckhard Schleicher, Manuchehr Soleimani, Thomas Wondrak, Marko Vauhkonen, Timo Lähivaara, Chao Tan, Brian Hoyle, and Alexander Penn, "A review on fast tomographic imaging techniques and their potential application in industrial process control," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 6, 2309, Mar. 2022.
doi:10.3390/s22062309

6. Ranieri, Gaetano, Sergio Vincenzo Calcina, and Luca Piroddi, "Preventive geophysical surveys for the evaluation of the archaeological risk: Examples from the region of the ancient Pylos (western Peloponnese, Greece)," 2021 21st International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA), 242-250, Cagliari, Italy, Sep. 2021.
doi:10.1109/iccsa54496.2021.00041

7. El Masri, Yasser and Tarek Rakha, "A scoping review of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques in building performance diagnostic inspections," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 265, 120542, Dec. 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120542

8. Och, Andreas, Patrick A. Hölzl, Stefan Schuster, Stefan Scheiblhofer, Dominik Zankl, Venkata Pathuri-Bhuvana, and Robert Weigel, "High-resolution millimeter-wave tomography system for nondestructive testing of low-permittivity materials," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 69, No. 1, 1105-1113, Jan. 2021.
doi:10.1109/tmtt.2020.3030662

9. Aldhaeebi, Maged A., Khawla Alzoubi, Thamer S. Almoneef, Saeed M. Bamatraf, Hussein Attia, and Omar M. Ramahi, "Review of microwaves techniques for breast cancer detection," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 8, 2390, Apr. 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20082390

10. Ruvio, Giuseppe, Raffaele Solimene, Antonio Cuccaro, Gaia Fiaschetti, Andrew J. Fagan, Sean Cournane, Jennie Cooke, Max J. Ammann, Jorge Tobon, and Jacinta E. Browne, "Multimodal breast phantoms for microwave, ultrasound, mammography, magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 8, 2400, Apr. 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20082400

11. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul, Md. Tarikul Islam, Md. Samsuzzaman, Salehin Kibria, and Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury, "Microwave breast imaging using compressed sensing approach of iteratively corrected delay multiply and sum beamforming," Diagnostics, Vol. 11, No. 3, 470, Mar. 2021.
doi:10.3390/diagnostics11030470

12. Lin, J. C., "Microwave thermoacoustic tomographic (MTT) imaging," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 66, No. 10, 10TR02, May 2021.

13. Benny, Ria, Thathamkulam A. Anjit, and Palayyan Mythili, "An overview of microwave imaging for breast tumor detection," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 87, 61-91, 2020.
doi:10.2528/pierb20012402

14. AlSawaftah, Nour, Salma El-Abed, Salam Dhou, and Amer Zakaria, "Microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection: Current state, challenges, and future directions," Journal of Imaging, Vol. 8, No. 5, 123, 2022.
doi:10.3390/jimaging8050123

15. Shao, Wenyi and Todd McCollough, "Advances in microwave near-field imaging: Prototypes, systems, and applications," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 21, No. 5, 94-119, May 2020.
doi:10.1109/mmm.2020.2971375

16. Tosti, F., et al., "The use of GPR and microwave tomography for the assessment of the internal structure of hollow trees," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 60, 1-14, 2022.
doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3115408

17. Samsun Zaini, Nur Arina Hazwani, Herman Wahid, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Juliza Jamaludin, Mimi Faisyalini Ramli, Nasarudi Ahmad, Ahmad Azahari Hamzah, and Farah Aina Jamal Mohamad, "A simulation of single and segmented excitation in electrical capacitance tomography system," Methods and Applications for Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems, 171-179, 2023.
doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7243-2_14

18. Shao, Wenyi and Yong Du, "Microwave imaging by deep learning network: Feasibility and training method," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 68, No. 7, 5626-5635, Jul. 2020.
doi:10.1109/tap.2020.2978952

19. Feng, Caixia, Wenmei Zhang, Li Li, Liping Han, Xinwei Chen, and Runbo Ma, "Angle-based chipless RFID tag with high capacity and insensitivity to polarization," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 4, 1789-1797, Apr. 2015.
doi:10.1109/tap.2015.2393851

20. Khan, Munawar M., Farooq A. Tahir, M. F. Farooqui, Atif Shamim, and Hammad M. Cheema, "3.56-bits/cm compact inkjet printed and application specific chipless RFID tag," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 15, 1109-1112, 2015.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2015.2494864

21. Kim, Sangkil, Apostolos Georgiadis, and Manos M. Tentzeris, "Design of inkjet-printed RFID-based sensor on paper: Single- and dual-tag sensor topologies," Sensors, Vol. 18, No. 6, 1958, Jun. 2018.
doi:10.3390/s18061958

22. Miao, Fengjuan, Jiapeng Dai, Bairui Tao, Man Zhao, and Paul K. Chu, "Multifrequency-coded RFID microstrip photosensor based on ZnOAgCuS nanocomposites," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 71, No. 11, 7002-7009, 2024.
doi:10.1109/ted.2024.3456779

23. Le, Cong-Cuong, Trung-Kien Dao, Ngoc-Yen Pham, and Thanh-Huong Nguyen, "Inverted frequency-coded chipless RFID tag design methodology based on parameter optimization," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters, Vol. 34, No. 12, 1399-1402, 2024.
doi:10.1109/lmwt.2024.3467311

24. Zhang, Rongrong, Shuai Wang, Hao Liu, He Huang, Jihong Yu, and Yong Guan, "When noise can help: Anonymous group writing in RFID-enabled backscatter networks," IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 23, No. 12, 13760-13772, 2024.
doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3439024

25. Bala Subramanian, C., P. Nagaraj, Pasupuleti Madhu Sudhan Rao, Pippalla Sukrutha, Dondeti Loka Poojitha, and Sattineni Ganesh Ram, "Implementing an effortless shopping experience: Smart trolley and billing system using IoT," 2024 5th International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC), 291-299, Coimbatore, India, Aug. 2024.

26. Chen, Zilong, Yang Yang, Xiaoxiang He, and Shengchuan Xiao, "A RFID chipless tag based on hybrid frequency-polarization coding," 2024 IEEE 7th International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Technology (ICEICT), 296-301, Xi'an, China, 2024.
doi:10.1109/iceict61637.2024.10671249

27. Chien, Hung-Yu, The Study of RFID Authentication Protocols and Security of Some Popular RFID Tags, INTECH Open Access Publisher, 2009.
doi:10.5772/6528

28. Pranto, Tahmid Hasan, Mohammad Nabiluzzaman Neloy, Abdulla All Noman, Sheikh Wasif, Md. Abdul Wahab, and Rashedur M. Rahman, "Utilizing deep learning in chipless RFID tag detection: An investigation on high-precision mm-Wave spatial tag estimation from 2D virtual imaging," Journal of Information and Telecommunication, Vol. 8, No. 3, 361-383, 2024.
doi:10.1080/24751839.2023.2300223

29. Mulloni, V. and M. Donelli, "Chipless RFID sensors for the internet of things: Challenges and opportunities," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 7, 2135, Apr. 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20072135

30. Kiani, S. H., H. S. Savci, M. E. Munir, A. Sedik, and H. Mostafa, "An ultra-wide band MIMO antenna system with enhanced isolation for microwave imaging applications," Micromachines (Basel), Vol. 14, No. 9, Sep. 2023.
doi:10.3390/mi14091732