Abstract

This study introduces and evaluates a smaller rectangular antenna featuring parasitic mushroom patches to achieve enhanced gain and wide impedance bandwidth (WIBW) for 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications (28 GHz/38 GHz). The antenna structure consists of a simple rectangular patch fed by an inset feed microstrip line operating at 50 Ω. To improve the antenna gain and impedance bandwidth, a parasitic mushroom structure is introduced around the edges of the main patch. Additionally, to further enhance operating bandwidth and matching, two rectangular Defected Ground Structures (DGSs) are incorporated in the bottom side. The antenna is fabricated on a low-cost substrate specifically FR4 (ε_r = 4.4 , tangδ = 0.02), with dimensions of (12 × 13 × 0.8) mm³. The results demonstrate a wide impedance bandwidth of 14.2 GHz (50.71% FBW) covering frequencies of 25.98 GHz to 40.18 GHz, and the antenna achieves a maximum gain of 7.20 dB at 28 GHz and maintains an efficiency more than 80% across the entire bandwidth. These outcomes make the antenna a good choice for 5G applications at 28 GHz and 38 GHz.

1. Hussain, Niamat, Min-Joo Jeong, Anees Abbas, Tae-Jun Kim, and Nam Kim, "A metasurface-based low-profile wideband circularly polarized patch antenna for 5G millimeter-wave systems," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 22127-22135, Jan. 2020.
doi: Google Scholar

2. Elhabchi, Mourad, Mohamed Nabil Srifi, and Raja Touahni, "A novel modified U-shaped microstrip antenna for super wide band (SWB) applicationsElhabchi,Mourad and Srifi,Mohamed Nabil and Touahni,Raja571-578ElhabchiMouradMohamed Nabil Srifi, Raja TouahniAnalog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing102571578

Jan.2020journal301 Moved Permanently," <i>Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing</i>, Vol. 102, 571-578, Jan. 2020.<br><a href='http://dx.doi.org/<head><title>301 Moved Permanently '>doi:301 Moved Permanently Google Scholar

3. Kaeib, Abdalnaser F., Nafaa M. Shebani, and Amer R. Zarek, "Design and analysis of a slotted microstrip antenna for 5G communication networks at 28 GHz," 2019 19th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA), 648-653, Sousse, Tunisia, Mar. 2019.

4. El Ansari, Abdelaaziz, Sudipta Das, Tanvir Islam, Sivaji Asha, Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, and Boddapati Taraka Phani Madhav, "A high-gain directional 1 × 8 planar antenna array for 2.4 GHz RFID reader applications," Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, Vol. 33, No. 12, 2450219, 2024.
doi:

301 Moved Permanently

Google Scholar

5. El Ansari, Abdelaaziz, Sudipta Das, Tarik El-Arrouch, and Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, "A hybrid coupler integrated 1 × 4 printed array antenna with broadband and high performance for beamforming RFID reader," 2022 9th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), 1-6, Rabat, Morocco, Oct. 2022.

6. Ansari, Abdelaaziz El, Tanvir Islam, S. V. Rama Rao, Agilesh Saravanan, Sudipta Das, and Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, "A broadband microstrip 1 × 8 magic-T power divider for ISM band array antenna applications," J. Nano-Electron. Phys., Vol. 15, No. 3, 03003, 2023.
doi: Google Scholar

7. Sohrabi, Mojtaba, Ronny Hahnel, Dirk Plettemeier, Stefan Schindler, and Hans-Dieter Wohlmuth, "5G mmWave dual-polarized stacked patch antenna," 2021 51st European Microwave Conference (EuMC), 737-740, London, United Kingdom, Apr. 2022.

8. Khan, Mohammad Monirujjaman, H. M. Arifur Rahman, Md. Nakib Alam Shovon, Wajdi Alhakami, Myriam Hadjouni, Hela Elmannai, and Sami Bourouis, "Design and analysis of a 5G wideband antenna for wireless body-centric network," Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2022, No. 1, 1558791, Aug. 2022. Google Scholar

9. Farag, Hagar A., Asmaa Elsayed Farahat, Ahmed I. Bahnas, and Khalid Fawzy Ahmed Hussein, "Compact wideband single-side printed antenna for microwave and millimeter-wave wireless communications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 126, 39-74, 2022.
doi:10.2528/PIERC22091507 Google Scholar

10. Madni, Abdullah, Subhan Zakir, Rana Muhammad Hasan Bilal, and Wasif Tanveer Khan, "A compact inkjet-printed wide-band antenna for X/Ku/K/Ka-band and 5G applications," 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI), 721-722, Denver, CO, USA, Jul. 2022.

11. Umamaheswari, G. and A. Praveena, "A millimeter wave antenna for wireless body area network applications," 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICIIET), 118-123, Coimbatore, India, Sep. 2022.

12. Elboushi, A. and A. M. Ameen, "Analysis and design of an oversized slotted patch antenna for 5G applications," Int. J. Microw. Opt. Technol., Vol. 17, 10-15, 2022. Google Scholar

13. Aghoutane, B., S. Das, M. El Ghzaoui, and B. T. P. Madhav, "A novel dual band high gain 4-port millimeter wave MIMO antenna array for 28/37 GHz 5G applications," AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 145, No. 16, 154071, 2022. Google Scholar

14. Farahat, Asmaa E. and Khalid F. A. Hussein, "Dual-band (28/38 GHz) wideband MIMO antenna for 5G mobile applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 32213-32223, Mar. 2022. Google Scholar

15. Hussain, Musa, Esraa Mousa Ali, Syed Muhammad Rizvi Jarchavi, Abir Zaidi, Ali Imran Najam, Abdullah Alhumaidi Alotaibi, Ahmed Althobaiti, and Sherif S. M. Ghoneim, "Design and characterization of compact broadband antenna and its MIMO configuration for 28 GHz 5G applications," Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 4, 523, Feb. 2022. Google Scholar

16. Ibrahim, Ahmed A., Hijab Zahra, Osama M. Dardeer, Niamat Hussain, Syed Muzahir Abbas, and Mahmoud A. Abdelghany, "Slotted antenna array with enhanced radiation characteristics for 5G 28 GHz communications," Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 17, 2664, Aug. 2022. Google Scholar

17. Jayanthi, K., D. Kumutha, and M. Jeyabharathi, "Super compact FR-4 compatible 28 GHz antenna for 5G handheld devices," Distributed Computing and Optimization Techniques, Vol. 903, 807-817, Sep. 2022.

18. Park, Ju Seong, Ji Hun Hong, and Kang Wook Kim, "Design of 24-40 GHz ultra-wideband circularly polarized monopole antenna with a defected ground plane," Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science, Vol. 22, No. 3, 379-385, May 2022.
doi:10.26866/jees.2022.3.r.100 Google Scholar

19. Ullah, Raza, Sadiq Ullah, Rizwan Ullah, Iftikhar Ud Din, Babar Kamal, Muhammad Altaf Hussain Khan, and Ladislau Matekovits, "Wideband and high gain array antenna for 5G smart phone applications using frequency selective surface," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 86117-86126, Aug. 2022. Google Scholar

20. Askari, Hussain, Niamat Hussain, Md. Abu Sufian, Sang Min Lee, and Nam Kim, "A wideband circularly polarized magnetoelectric dipole antenna for 5G millimeter-wave communications," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 6, 2338, Mar. 2022.
doi:10.3390/s22062338 Google Scholar

21. Ansari, Abdelaaziz El, V. Jayaprakasan, K. Duraisamy, S. Das, T. El-Arrouch, and Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, "A wideband microstrip 1 × 2 array antenna fed by coupler for beam steering terahertz (THz) band applications," J. Nano-Electron. Phys., Vol. 15, No. 3, 03028, 2023. Google Scholar

22. Saha, Dipon, Illani Mohd Nawi, and M. A. Zakariya, "Super low profile 5G mmWave highly isolated MIMO antenna with 360˚ pattern diversity for smart city IoT and vehicular communication," Results in Engineering, Vol. 24, 103209, 2024. Google Scholar

23. Rahman, Md. Afzalur, Samir Salem Al-Bawri, Sultan S. Alharbi, Wazie M. Abdulkawi, Noorlindawaty Md. Jizat, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, and Abdel-Fattah A. Sheta, "3D highly isolated 6-port tri-band MIMO antenna system with 360° coverage for 5G IoT applications based machine learning verification," Scientific Reports, Vol. 15, No. 1, 204, 2025. Google Scholar

24. Rahman, Md. Afzalur, Samir Salem Al-Bawri, Wazie M. Abdulkawi, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam, "Miniaturized tri-band integrated microwave and millimeter-wave MIMO antenna loaded with metamaterial for 5G IoT applications," Results in Engineering, Vol. 24, 103130, 2024. Google Scholar

25. Al-Gburi, A. Jamal Abdullah, I. Ibrahim, Z. Zakaria, and A. Dheyaa Khaleel, "Bandwidth and gain enhancement of ultra-wideband monopole antenna using MEBG structure," ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (JEAS), Vol. 14, No. 10, 3390-3393, 2019. Google Scholar

26. Al Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah, "5G MIMO antenna: Compact design at 28/38 GHz with metamaterial and SAR analysis for mobile phones," Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 100, No. 4, 171-174, 2024. Google Scholar

27. Elabd, Rania Hamdy and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Super-compact 28/38 GHz 4-port MIMO antenna using metamaterial-inspired EBG structure with SAR analysis for 5G cellular devices," Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, Vol. 45, No. 1, 35-65, 2024. Google Scholar

28. El Ansari, Abdelaaziz, S. Khandare, Kaoutar Allabouche, Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, Zahriladha Zakaria, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Conception and fabrication of a new steerable microstrip antenna for ISM band applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 126, 31-36, 2025.
doi:10.2528/PIERL25032502 Google Scholar

29. El Ansari, Abdelaaziz, Sudipta Das, Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, Tarik El-Arrouch, and Abdelhak Bendali, "Slot incorporated high gain printed RFID reader array antenna for 2.4 GHz ISM band applications," E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 351, 01056, Istanbul, Turkey, May 2022.

30. El Arrouch, Tarik, Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, and Abdelaaziz El Ansari, "Microstrip patch antenna using a parasitic mushroom for 5G application at 28 GHz," 2022 9th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), 1-6, Rabat, Morocco, Oct. 2022.

31. Ansari, Abdelaaziz El, Sudipta Das, Ikram Tabakh, Boddapati Taraka Phani Madhav, Abdelhak Bendali, and Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, "Design and realization of a broadband multi-beam 1 × 2 array antenna based on 2 × 2 Butler matrix for 2.45 GHz RFID reader applications," Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, Vol. 31, No. 17, 2250305, 2022. Google Scholar

32. El Ansari, Abdelaaziz, Shobhit K. Khandare, Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, Abdelhak Bendali, Sudipta Das, Fatima Younis, Hala K. Abduljaleel, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Conception and realization of a wideband directional dual-beam phased MIMO array antenna with hybrid coupler for ISM band utilizations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 132, 39-48, 2025.
doi:10.2528/PIERM24112304 Google Scholar

33. El Ansari, Abdelaaziz, Sudipta Das, Tanvir Islam, Varakumari Samudrala, Naglaa F. Soliman, Abeer D. Algarni, and Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi, "A circularly polarized graphene based wideband 1 × 2 array antenna for terahertz spectrum applications," Heliyon, Vol. 10, No. 18, e37575, 2024. Google Scholar

34. El Ansari, Abdelaaziz, Lahcen Kabouri, and Esmail Ahouzi, "Random attack on asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transforms," 2014 International Conference on Next Generation Networks and Services (NGNS), 65-68, Casablanca, Morocco, May 2014.

Dr. Tarik El-Arrouch

Dr. Abdelaaziz El Ansari

Dr. Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi

Dr. Mahadu Trimukhe

Dr. Shobhit K. Khandare

Dr. Zahriladha Zakaria

Professor Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi

301 Moved Permanently