volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), as one of the potential key technologies for 6G, can effectively solve the problem of millimeter-wave links being obstructed by constructing an intelligent and controllable wireless communication environment. In this paper, a joint beam tracking algorithm based on RIS selection is proposed for the scenario of multi-RIS-assisted millimeter-wave vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. The aim is to select as few RISs as possible to aid communication while the performance of beam tracking can be maximized. Firstly, the beam tracking model jointly composed of line-of-sight paths and virtual line-of-sight paths constructed by multiple RISs is derived based on the multiple-input-multiple-output model in a 3D road scene, and the beam tracking under this combined path is realized based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm. Second, for the RIS-assisted millimeter-wave V2I scenario, a new metric to quantify the beam tracking performance is comprehensively designed based on the received signal-to-noise ratio, the beam angle variation, and the distance variation from the RIS to the vehicle. Finally, based on this metric, the joint beam tracking is realized by the RIS selection strategy and the EKF algorithm under the combined path. Simulation results show that the joint beam tracking algorithm based on RIS selection proposed in this paper has lower beam tracking error than the traditional signal-to-noise ratio based beam tracking algorithm.

1. Chen, S., Y. Shi, and J. Hu, "Cellular vehicle to everything (C-V2X): A review," Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China, Vol. 34, No. 2, 179-185, 2020. Google Scholar

2. Zhang, Lei, Yu Wang, Jianjie Tian, Lin Zhang, and Tianjiao Zhang, "Joint beam forming design for IRS-aided MIMO Internet of vehicles system," Journal on Communication/Tongxin Xuebao, Vol. 44, No. 2, 59, 2023.
doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2023035 Google Scholar

3. Noor-A-Rahim, Md., Zilong Liu, Haeyoung Lee, Mohammad Omar Khyam, Jianhua He, Dirk Pesch, Klaus Moessner, Walid Saad, and H. Vincent Poor, "6G for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications: Enabling technologies, challenges, and opportunities," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 110, No. 6, 712-734, 2022.
doi:10.1109/jproc.2022.3173031 Google Scholar

4. Yu, Danyang, Gan Zheng, Arman Shojaeifard, Sangarapillai Lambotharan, and Yi Liu, "Kalman filter based channel tracking for RIS-assisted multi-user networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 23, No. 4, 3856-3869, 2024.
doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3312426 Google Scholar

5. Jung, Ji-Sung, Chan-Yeob Park, Ji-Hye Oh, and Hyoung-Kyu Song, "Intelligent reflecting surface for spectral efficiency maximization in the multi-user MISO communication systems," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 134695-134702, 2021.
doi:10.1109/access.2021.3116959 Google Scholar

6. Meng, Xiao, Fan Liu, Christos Masouros, Weijie Yuan, Qixun Zhang, and Zhiyong Feng, "Vehicular connectivity on complex trajectories: Roadway-geometry aware ISAC beam-tracking," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 22, No. 11, 7408-7423, 2023.
doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3250442 Google Scholar

7. Yu, Xiaoyou, Li Tu, Qi Yang, Miao Yu, Zhu Xiao, and Yongdong Zhu, "Hybrid beamforming in mmWave massive MIMO for IoV with dual-functional radar communication," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 72, No. 7, 9017-9030, 2023.
doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3247747 Google Scholar

8. Saqib, Najam Us, Shumei Hou, Sung Ho Chae, and Sang-Woon Jeon, "Reconfigurable intelligent surface aided hybrid beamforming: Optimal placement and beamforming design," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 23, No. 9, 12003-12019, 2024.
doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3387449 Google Scholar

9. Zhang, Peng, Jiayi Zhang, Huahua Xiao, Hongyang Du, Dusit Niyato, and Bo Ai, "RIS-aided 6G communication system with accurate traceable user mobility," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2718-2722, 2023.
doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3214818 Google Scholar

10. Barb, Gordana and Marius Otesteanu, "4G/5G: A comparative study and overview on what to expect from 5G," 2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), 37-40, Milan, Italy, 2020.
doi:10.1109/TSP49548.2020.9163402

11. Yao, Jiacheng, Wei Xu, Yongming Huang, H. Xiao, and Z. Lu, "Techniques for reconfigurable intelligent surfaceaided 6G communication network: An overview," Journal of Signal Processing, Vol. 38, No. 8, 1555-1567, 2022.
doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2022.108667 Google Scholar

12. Wu, Qingqing, Shuowen Zhang, Beixiong Zheng, Changsheng You, and Rui Zhang, "Intelligent reflecting surface-aided wireless communications: A tutorial," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 69, No. 5, 3313-3351, 2021.
doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3051897 Google Scholar

13. Chen, Wanshi, Xingqin Lin, Juho Lee, Antti Toskala, Shu Sun, Carla Fabiana Chiasserini, and Lingjia Liu, "5G-advanced toward 6G: Past, present, and future," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 41, No. 6, 1592-1619, 2023.
doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3274037 Google Scholar

14. Teng, Boyu, Xiaojun Yuan, Rui Wang, and Shi Jin, "Bayesian user localization and tracking for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided MIMO systems," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Vol. 16, No. 5, 1040-1054, 2022.
doi:10.1109/jstsp.2022.3173747 Google Scholar

15. Chen, Y., D. Yue, J. Ren, S. Bai, and Y. Sun, "Research on performance of multi-reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted communication system," Radio Engineering, Vol. 52, 2124-2131, 2022. Google Scholar

16. Pan, Cunhua, Gui Zhou, Kangda Zhi, Sheng Hong, Tuo Wu, Yijin Pan, Hong Ren, Marco Di Renzo, A. Lee Swindlehurst, Rui Zhang, and Angela Yingjun Zhang, "An overview of signal processing techniques for RIS/IRS-aided wireless systems," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Vol. 16, No. 5, 883-917, 2022.
doi:10.1109/jstsp.2022.3195671 Google Scholar

17. Wei, Yi, Ming-Min Zhao, An Liu, and Min-Jian Zhao, "Channel tracking and prediction for IRS-aided wireless communications," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 22, No. 1, 563-579, 2023.
doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3196313 Google Scholar

18. Yildirim, Ibrahim, Ali Uyrus, and Ertugrul Basar, "Modeling and analysis of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for indoor and outdoor applications in future wireless networks," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 69, No. 2, 1290-1301, 2021.
doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.3035391 Google Scholar

19. Ning, Boyu, Peilan Wang, Lingxiang Li, Zhi Chen, and Jun Fang, "Multi-IRS-aided multi-user MIMO in mmWave/THz communications: A space-orthogonal scheme," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 70, No. 12, 8138-8152, 2022.
doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3216344 Google Scholar

20. Li, Minzheng, Yuqing Cao, Juanjuan Yan, and Jian Lu, "Method on millimeter wave cascade channel estimation assisted by multiple intelligent reflecting surface," Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Vol. 46, No. 4, 15-20, 2023. Google Scholar

21. Mirza, Jawad, Bakhtiar Ali, and Muhammad Awais Javed, "Stable matching for selection of intelligent reflecting surfaces in multiuser MISO systems," IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 25, No. 8, 2748-2752, 2021.
doi:10.1109/lcomm.2021.3083485 Google Scholar

22. Yang, Liang, Yin Yang, Daniel Benevides da Costa, and Imene Trigui, "Outage probability and capacity scaling law of multiple RIS-aided networks," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, Vol. 10, No. 2, 256-260, 2021.
doi:10.1109/lwc.2020.3026712 Google Scholar

23. Fang, Yuting, Saman Atapattu, Hazer Inaltekin, and Jamie Evans, "Optimum reconfigurable intelligent surface selection for wireless networks," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 70, No. 9, 6241-6258, 2022.
doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3193152 Google Scholar

24. Mensi, Neji and Danda B. Rawat, "Reconfigurable intelligent surface selection for wireless vehicular communications," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, Vol. 11, No. 8, 1743-1747, 2022.
doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3180479 Google Scholar

25. Song, Jiho, Seong-Hwan Hyun, Jong-Ho Lee, Jeongsik Choi, and Seong-Cheol Kim, "Joint vehicle tracking and RSU selection for V2I communications with extended Kalman filter," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 71, No. 5, 5609-5614, 2022.
doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3153345 Google Scholar

26. Hyun, Seong-Hwan, Jiho Song, Keunwoo Kim, Jong-Ho Lee, and Seong-Cheol Kim, "Adaptive beam design for V2I communications using vehicle tracking with extended Kalman filter," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 71, No. 1, 489-502, 2022.
doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3127696 Google Scholar

27. Song, Jiho, Jong-Ho Lee, and Song Noh, "Position-based adaptive beamforming and roadside unit sectorization for V2I communications," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 73, No. 2, 2960-2965, 2024.
doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3320663 Google Scholar

28. El Ayach, Omar, Sridhar Rajagopal, Shadi Abu-Surra, Zhouyue Pi, and Robert W. Heath, "Spatially sparse precoding in millimeter wave MIMO systems," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1499-1513, 2014.
doi:10.1109/twc.2014.011714.130846 Google Scholar

29. Liu, Fan, Weijie Yuan, Christos Masouros, and Jinhong Yuan, "Radar-assisted predictive beamforming for vehicular links: Communication served by sensing," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 19, No. 11, 7704-7719, 2020.
doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3015735 Google Scholar

30. Shaham, Sina, Ming Ding, Matthew Kokshoorn, Zihuai Lin, Shuping Dang, and Rana Abbas, "Fast channel estimation and beam tracking for millimeter wave vehicular communications," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 141104-141118, 2019.
doi:10.1109/access.2019.2944308 Google Scholar

Dr. Chenwei Feng

Ms. Zhenzhen Lin

Mr. Yawei Sun

Mr. Yangbin Huang

Dr. Yinhua Wu