The ideality of operating environment of radar systems is extremely scarce while the demand for these systems is growing at a rapid pace. Technology of adaptation is therefore of primary concern in the design of their future strategies. The difficulty in finding a solution based on a single adaptive algorithm to deal with diverse noise environments has led to the development of composite adaptive procedure. Therefore, fusion of particular decisions of the single adaptive variants through appropriate rules provides a better final detection. This paper is intended to analyze the fusion strategy of cell-averaging (CA), order statistics (OS) and trimmed-mean (TM) schemes in heterogeneous environments. The tested target and the spurious ones are assumed to follow χ²-distribution with two- and four-degrees of freedom in their fluctuations. A closed form processor performance is derived. The results show that for the heterogeneous operation, this approach is more realistic. Particularly in multi-target situations, it exhibits higher robustness than CA, OS, or TM architecture. Additionally, our results reveal that it exhibits a homogeneous performance outperforming that of the Neyman-Pearson (N-P) detector which is the yardstick in the world of adaptive detection.

A method is presented for computing the equivalent resistance and the unknown components of simple series and parallel resistor networks. The approach consists in taking the product of a simple 2×2 matrix (N-1) times, where N is the total number of components in the network. The matrix approach originates from the study of continued fractions. Numerical computations only require an algorithm that handles matrix multiplication.

A circuit module for coupled transmission line channel transmission matrix (CTL-CTM) crosstalk cancellation is designed and simulated by using CMOS technology in a high-speed interconnection system. The module consists of an adder and a subtractor to realize analog addition and subtraction of digital signals. The adder is composed of CMOS transistor pair connected to an inverter at the next stage. The subtractor is composed of a current mirror as the load of CMOS differential pair. The crosstalk cancellation circuit module is simulated and verified by advanced design system (ADS) software. The designed adder and subtractor work well and have no significant difference with the ideal output, and the signal eye diagram recovered by the crosstalk cancellation circuit is of good quality, which solves the circuit implementation problem in the CTL-CTM crosstalk cancellation method.

A novel tunable dual-band bandpass filter (DBPF) with high selectivity and independently tunable passbands is proposed in this paper. Electric and magnetic coupling is employed in this design to create transmission zeros. The proposed tunable DBPF has the advantage of fully independent and controllable passbands due to the multipath propagation mechanism. The measured results of tunable DBPF show that the center frequency of the first passband can be shifted from 2.34 to 2.45 GHz when the bias voltage VL increases from 3 V to 15 V, and the second passband can be tuned from 4.73 to 5.04 GHz when the bias voltage VH varies from 6 V to 15 V. Moreover, the core circuit-size of the tunable DBPF is about 0.293 λ_g x 0.067 λ_g, where λ_g is the guided wavelength at 2.4 GHz. The proposed filter exhibits the merits of fully independent and tunable passbands, high selectivity, and compact size.

A novel dual-band conical-helix/monopole antenna is proposed to operate as an on-body central antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). The proposed antenna communicates in three ways: (i) off-body communication through its end-fire radiation with the ceil-mounted WiMax antenna at 5.8 GHz, (ii) on-body communication through its broadside radiation with the on-skin biosensor antennasat 3.0 GHz, and (iii) in-body communication with the in-body (implanted) biosensor antennas at 3.0 GHz. The characteristics of the proposed antenna are investigated through electromagnetic simulation and experimental measurements where a prototype of this antenna is fabricated for this purpose. The antenna is matched with 50 Ω coaxial feeder over the dual frequency bands, mounted on a copper circular disc, and covered with a very thin dielectric radom for mechanical protection. Such an antenna covered by the radom is shaped like a hemispherical button that can be attached to patient clothes and, hence, it can be considered as a wearable antenna. The radiation patterns obtained by experimental measurements show good agreement with those obtained by the CST® simulator and are shown to be appropriate for communication with the ceil-mounted WiMAX antenna and the biosensor antennas at 5.8 GHz and 3.0 GHz, respectively. The distribution of the microwave power density near the body surface is evaluated by simulation and experimental measurements to ensure the realization of the electromagnetic exposure safety limits. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distribution inside the human tissues of concern is evaluated showing a safe level of electromagnetic exposure. Quantitative assessment of the WBAN communication system performance is achieved when the proposed antenna is employed as an on-body central antenna for the WBAN. Thanks to the optimized design of the proposed antenna the Bit-Error-Rate (BER) is shown to be very low even when the input power fed to the antenna is only 1 mW.

A novel analytical method suitable for coupled electromagnetic field of a circuit is proposed in this paper. In a high frequency circuit and high-frequency converter, skin effects are obvious, and the variations in resistance and inductance values depend on frequency. In addition, the voltage and current distribution changes of a high frequency circuit generated with a high-frequency converter during dynamic switching process are complicated and depend on time. A novel analytical method suitable for coupled electromagnetic field of circuit in parameter optimization design of high-frequency circuit and high-frequency converter is proposed in this paper. The proposed method considers the influence of skin effect and coupled electromagnetic field on parameter variation simultaneously. According to the law between parameter variation and line length, the calculation process of parameter optimization will be simpler and more effective.

Mathematical expressions for the components of the magnetic field produced by a conically-shaped current sheet and by a tightly-wound conical coil are presented. The conical current sheet forms the frustum of a cone. In the limit as the top radius of the frustum approaches the bottom radius, a cylindrical current sheet is formed. Mathematical expressions for the magnetic field produced by a cylindrical current sheet are then compared to known and published results.

With the rapid development and in-depth research of non-contact bio-radar-based detection technology, researchers have recently been putting more emphasis on target identification. Living status identification, a hotspot of target identification research, is particularly useful in search and rescue missions. During such missions, in order to rescue victims and provide corresponding medical support in a timely manner, it is necessary to acquire the survival information of victims, especially when they are injured. Hence, the vital signs extracted from a radar signal should be considered as the crucial parameters to reflect the living status. To determine living status through analyzing vital signs, this study utilized a bio-radar system to continuously monitor hemorrhagic animals, which simulated injured persons with hemorrhagic symptoms. Moreover, we defined and classified three survival periods based on changes in vital signs combined with a K-nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN) classifier. Experimental results show that we can approximately determine the current living status of animals with this method, which can aid in providing information for on-site rescue and follow-up medical treatment.

The management of the current pandemic COVID-19 has been challenging and complex. The main and only successes have been achieved with non-pharmacological interventions (NPI). When tracking, monitoring, and early intervention at home have been delivered to citizens, the contagion can be controlled. In the current pandemic, various methods have been applied to track the COVID-19 virus, such as Korea's mobile phone tracking system. We propose a method based on a wearable bracelet prototype able to detect biomedical parameters, which can be very useful to monitor the virus infection when the patient develops symptoms, such as a high temperature or low blood oxygenation. In particular, the prototype bracelet can measure the blood oxygenation using an infrared optical sensor and measure the temperature of the patient. The bracelet can record the identification number of other bracelet devices that came in proximity. The bracelet is equipped with a built-in low power Bluetooth, aimed to send the recorded data to a smartphone or another device in order to connect them with proper geo-localization and to the web. The identification number of the patient device can be used to trace the number of people and whom he has been in contact with, immediately by the sanitary authorities. Moreover, the bracelet can be used for monitoring the patient's health at home, avoiding the hospital's overcrowding. The proposed system not only can effectively localize the trace path of patients positive to the COVID-19 virus or to other respiratory diseases, but also can provide an evolution of the patient symptoms and monitor people in-home quarantine. The system is simple and could be an efficient tool to track any other future pandemics.

The efficiency of the standard tapered windows as applied to sidelobe suppression in compressed pulses with linear frequency modulation (LFM) or chirp pulses corresponds to the literature data only in the case of rather great values of the pulse duration-bandwidth product B≥100. With comparatively small values of B (several dozens or so) the side-lobe levels prove to be essentially greater than those announced in the literature. In the paper, the output signal of the chirp-pulse compression filter is analyzed in order to look into causes of discrepancy between the sidelobe level obtainable using standard tapered windows and the literature data. Expressions are derived for estimating the maximum number of zeros and maxima in the response of the optimum filter of chirp-pulse compression and separation between adjacent and ``like'' (with the same numbers) zeros and maxima in dependence on the signal duration-bandwidth product. The amount of loss in the signal-to-noise ratio due to application of smoothing functions is determined. The case of applying window functions in the form of cosine harmonics of the Fourier series, which describes a rather great number of the standard windows, is analyzed in detail. Analytical expressions are presented for the output signal of the chirp-pulse compression filter on the basis of such windows and the amount of loss in the signal-to-noise ratio. A comparative analysis of the Hamming and Blackman windows is made in dependence on the pulse duration-bandwidth product B. It is shown that application of the Hamming window is more efficient up to B≈80. For greater values of B, the Blackman window shows a higher efficiency. As B increases, the efficiency of both windows steadily increases asymptotically approaching the figure declared in the literature. Coefficients of window functions containing 2 cosine harmonics of the Fourier series have empirically been selected which made it possible to reduce the sidelobe level by approximately 0.34 dB for B=21 and by more than 1 dB for B=7 as compared with the Hamming window. The obtained results allow concluding that the optimization problem for the window function parameters in the case of small values of the pulse duration-bandwidth product should be solved individually for each specific value of B. Most likely it would be impossible to obtain the extremely low sidelobe level; however, a certain improvement of the characteristics of the chirp-pulse compression filter seems quite possible.

Electrically small antennas are of intense and increasing academic and industrial interest due to the advent of ubiquitous RFID devices and more generally within the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. For most of these applications antennas will have to be as small as possible, when being integrated within a transceiver, while maintaining significant efficiency values. Of particular interest are antennas that can radiate omnidirectionally along a planar surface, thus establishing optimal connectivity capabilities for devices surrounding the corresponding transmitter. Such antennas are important not only for energy harvesting but also for near-field wireless charging applications. In this paper, we report an electrically small antenna of size ka ≈ 0.25, where a is its effective radius and k the wave vector at operating frequency. The antenna geometry is a 3-dimensional folded meandering loop and contains its own ground, so that it becomes insensitive to the integration environment. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is 70%, and it radiates as a vertically polarized dipole. The operating frequency chosen in this paper targets RFID/IoT applications at 915 MHz, and the impedance matching bandwidth, as realized, is narrow but appropriate for such applications and may be further increased if appropriate matching networks are used.

A high impedance surface has far-reaching potential in wireless applications, but realization of the surface operating at sub-GHz ranges is challenging due to its size limits in practical applications. Here, we present a novel inductive technique based on multi-turn square spiral loops. The introduction of the spiral loops to a mushroom-shaped high impedance surface provides additional current path, thereby results in a dramatic increase in its total inductance at given dimensions, and therefore leads to a significant reduction in a resonant frequency of a high impedance plane. Electromagnetic simulation results reveal that a resonant frequency shifts downward 1 GHz at a given dimension, and they are in good agreement with results from an analytical model for the proposed structure. Experimental measurements suggest the feasibility of the proposed approach.

The rectangular cavity is investigated and applied in the field of the radar cross section reduction (RCSR) of patch antennas for the first time. An integrated and efficient design technique is presented which uses both a slotted rectangular cavity and reflective phase cancellation by a simple artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) element. On condition that ensuring the radiation performance of the patch antenna does not deteriorate, the in-band radar cross section (RCS) of the antenna can be reduced by 12.2 dB at 7.6 GHz just relying on a type of phase-regulated AMC elements. On this basis, the rectangular cavity walls were first loaded surrounding the above-mentioned low-RCS patch antenna. The relative bandwidth (in which RCS was reduced by more than 8 dB) went from 3.33% to 50% in the RCSR ohttps://www.baidu.com/?tn=62095104_43_oem_dgf the antenna. Meanwhile, the RCS could be reduced by an additional 5 dB at its working frequency (7.6 GHz).

Average bit error rate (BER) performance of on-off keying (OOK) modulation in a free space optical (FSO) system, which is based on adaptive threshold technique under atmospheric turbulence described by exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution, is studied and compared with that of using fixed threshold technique. In order to solve the adaptive threshold, the equation is simplified by using the generalized Gauss-Laguerre polynomial function, which significantly improves the operational efficiency. The simulation results show that the adaptive threshold varies with the average transmitted power under different noise variances, receiving aperture sizes and turbulence conditions. Compared with the fixed threshold technique, the adaptive threshold technique can greatly improve the BER performance of FSO communication system.

When solving the boundary integral equation with respect to the density of a double layer of fictitious magnetic charges in the case of using a piecewise constant approximation of double layer density, the interface conditions for the field vectors are not fulfilled at any point of the interface between ferromagnetic media. The article shows that these interface conditions are satisfied not discretely but integrally. Based on the proposed integral relations, which are derived from the Ampere's Circuital Law, a new system of linear equations is derived. The system of linear equations is obtained with respect to the piecewise constant approximation coefficients of double layer magnetic charge density. The resulting system of equations does not contain the scalar magnetic potential of free sources. Consequently, this numerical model can be directly applied to the analysis of magnetic field in any multiply connected domains without introducing impenetrable partitions or solving an additional boundary value problem for finding scalar magnetic potential.

In this paper, a compact MIMO antenna with an electromagnetic bandgap structure is proposed for isolation enhancement. The proposed antenna design is coupled with an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure to minimize mutual coupling between the antenna elements and to enhance the performance of the MIMO antenna configuration. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate having a dimension of (27.9×38×1.6 mm³). The EBG structure is analyzed, and the effect on antenna performance is studied using parametric analysis. The antenna is fabricated, and the measured results are compared with simulated ones. The antenna achieves a reduction in transmission coefficient |S₂₁| ≥ 16 dB for simulated and |S₂₁| ≥ 25 dB for measured results, and attains the minimum ECC of 0.09 which is very close to the ideal value of zero and hence makes it a better choice for MIMO applications.

In this paper, a broadband RFID tag antenna based on module matching is proposed, which is suitable for metallic surface. The antenna's 10-dB effective bandwidth covers 820-980 MHz. In order to achieve a more appropriate impedance matching in a wideband, a new technique of module matching to reach a wide frequency band is studied, the consistent change of the tag antenna impedance and the chip impedance is fulfilled, and the frequency band is effectively widened. The feasibility of module matching to achieve maximum power transmission is analyzed. Further results demonstrate that the proposed tag antenna provides a stable gain when mounted on metal plates of various sizes. In addition, the proposed design is cost-effective since it does not require metallic vias and has a compact size. The maximum reading distance at 910 MHz on the metallic surface is 4.5 m.

This article presents a dual-band 12-designed to operate at LTE 42 and LTE 43 bands ranging from 3400-3600 MHz and 3600-3800 MHz respectively. The impact on the antenna parameters due to the user's hand is also explored. The isolation between antenna elements is better than 14.8 dB with a total efficiency of more than 74%. A small envelope correlation coefficient less than 0.05 and the channel capacity of 61.9 bps/Hz make the proposed array a viable solution for 5G smartphones.

This manuscript proposes an Ultra-Wide band (UWB) Filtering Antenna (Filtenna) with application-based notches at Wi-MAX (3.3-3.7 GHz), WLAN (5.15-5.875 GHz) and ITU (7.725-8.275 GHz) bands. Initially, a monopole antenna is designed. To enhance bandwidth and bring about impedance matching, its ground plane is modified by introducing a triangular shaped defected ground structure (DGS) under the feedline, smoothening of upper edges of the ground plane and a rectangular DGS. Later, the triple notched band is created at 3.5 GHz, 5.5 GHz and 8 GHz by utilizing the notches generated by Inverted-U shaped defected microstrip structure (DMS) on the patch, U-type DMS on feedline, and C shaped resonator adjacent to the feedline respectively. The filtenna is an omnidirectional radiation pattern antenna which works within the proposed frequency band of operation having low insertion loss and good selectivity. Also, the VSWR is found to be <2, and peak gain is found to be 4 dBi. While studying the proposed filtenna, the simulated and measured frequency responses were observed to be in almost unison as if following each other.

In this study, a star-wheel design of single crystal sapphire optical fiber is proposed to achieve single mode operation in the infrared regime. In the azimuthal direction the structure retains a reduced core of higher refractive index. It is connected to the outer boundary viastar-wheel configuration of segments. The region of alternating symmetrical truncated cavities of lower refractive index is air. The enclosed alternating layers of sapphire and air cavities around the reduced core function as cladding. Fiber structure in the azimuthal directionis uniformly distributed in the radial direction. Finite element method is employed to analyze the modal characteristics of fundamental and higher order modes. Under strongly guided approximation, the structure can effectively eliminate the large modal interference. The proposed waveguides, at operating wavelength of ~1.55 µm, with the diameter of ~50 µm, 75 µm, 100 µm, and 125 µm diameter, exhibit confinement loss of ~0.0314 dB/m, 0.0072 dB/m, 0.0023 dB/m, and 0.0009 dB/m, respectively. It is anticipated that such fiber can be a potential candidate in addressing a wide range of optical sensors and communication systems, which unable to sustain in extremely harsh environments. COMSOL multi-physics ® is used to perform numerical investigations.