volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, novel composite right/left-handed (CRLH) leaky-wave antennas based on folded substrate-integrated-waveguide (FSIW) structures are proposed. The proposed leaky-wave antennas were realized by periodically loading the radiating slots on the top metallization of the FSIW-based CRLH transmission lines. The structural advantages of the FSIW combined with the unique dispersion characteristics of the CRLH transmission line enable the proposed leaky-wave antennas to present continuous beam-scanning capability from backfire to endfire directions, occupy smaller footprint size, and provide more design flexibility than the conventional CRLH leaky-wave antennas. Two of such CRLH leaky-wave antennas were developed. In addition to the continuous beam scanning, it is found that the radiation efficiency and polarization of the FSIW-based leaky-wave antennas can be easily tuned by means of the slot size and slot orientation, respectively, indicating their potential for versatile applications. Calculated and experimental results are presented and compared. A good agreement is obtained. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the leaky-wave antenna exploits both of the dispersion behavior of the CRLH transmission lines and the structural benefits of the FSIW configuration.

1. Shelby, , R. A., D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, , "Experimental veri¯cation of a negative index of refraction," Science, Vol. 292, No. 5514, 77-79, 2001.
doi:10.1126/science.1058847

2. Oliner, , A. A., "A periodic-structure negative-refractive-index medium without resonant elements," IEEE AP-S/URSI Int. Symp.,, Vol. 41, Jun. 2002.

3. Elefttheriades, , G. V., K. G. Balmain, and , Negative Refraction Metamaterials: Fundamental Properties and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
doi:10.1002/0471744751

4. Caloz, , C., T. Itoh, and , Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Wiley, 2005.

5. Caloz, , C., T. Itoh, and , "Transmission line approach of left-handed (LH) materials and microstrip implementation of an artificial LH transmission line," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 52, No. 5, 1159-1166, May 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.827249

6. Eleftheriades, G. V., A. K. Iyer, and P. C. Kremer, "Planar negative refractive index media using periodically L-C loaded transmission lines," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.,, Vol. 50, No. 12, 2702-2712, , Dec. 2002.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2002.805197

7. Decoopman, , T., A. Marteau, E. Lheurette, O. Vanbesien, and D. Lippens, "Left-handed electromagnetic properties of split-ring resonator and wire loaded transmission line in a fin-line technology," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, No. 4, 1451-1457, Apr. 2006..
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2006.871356

8. Hrabar, S., J. Bartolic, and Z. Sipus, "Waveguide miniaturization using uniaxial negative permeability metamaterial," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , Vol. 53, No. 1, 110-119, Jan. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.840503

9. Dong, , Y. D., T. Itoh, and , "Composite right/left-handed substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave antennas," 39th Eur. Microw. Conf., , 276-279, 2009.

10. Ishimaru, A., , "Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering,", 1991.

11. Oliner, , A., "Chapter leaky-wave antennas," Antenna Engineering Handbook, 1993.

12. Lim, , S., C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Electronically scanned composite right/left handed microstrip leaky-wave antenna," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 14, No. 6, 277-279, Jun. 2004.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2004.828008

13. Lim, , S., C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Metamaterial-based electronically controlled transmission-line structure as a novel leaky-wave antenna with tunable radiation angle and beamwidth," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 53, No. 1, 161-173, Jan. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.856086

14. Casares-Miranda, , F. P., C. Camacho-Penalosa, and C. Caloz, "High-gain active composite right/left-handed leaky-wave an-tenna," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. , No. ,", Vol. 54, No. 8, 2292-2300, Aug. 2006.

15. Yang, N., C. Caloz, and K. Wu, , "Full-space scanning periodic phase-reversal leaky-wave antenna," IEEE Trans. Microw Theory, Vol. 58, No. 10, 2619-2632, , Oct. 2010..
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2010.2065890

16. Cheng, , Y. J., W. Hong, K. Wu, and Y. Fan, "Millimeter-wave substrate integrated waveguide long slot leaky-wave antennas and two-dimensional multibeam applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,, Vol. 59, No. 1, 40-47, Jan. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2090471

17. Chen, P., W. Hong, Z. Kuai, and J. Xu, "A substrate integrated waveguide circular polarized slot radiator and its linear array," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat. Lett., Vol. 8, 120-123, 2009.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2008.2011062

18. Zhai, , G. H., W. Hong, K. Wu, J. X. Chen, P. Chen, J. Wei, and H. J. Tang, "Folded half mode substrate integrated waveguide 3 dB coupler," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 18, No. 8, , 101-103, , Feb. 2008.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2008.2001006

19. Che, , W., L. Geng, K. Deng, and Y.-L. Chow, , "Analysis and experiments of compact folded substrate-integrated waveguide," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.,, Vol. 56, No. 1, , 88-93, Jan. 2008.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2007.911955

20. Josefsson, , L. G., "Analysis of longitudinal slots in rectangular waveguides," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 35, No. 12, 1351-1357, Dec. 1987.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1987.1144042

21. Joseffsson, , L., "A waveguide transverse slot for array applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 41, No. 7, 1351-1357, Jul. 1993.
doi:10.1109/8.237613

22. Elliott, , R. S., , "An improved design procedure for small arrays of shunt slots," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 31, No. 1, 48-53, , Jan. 1983.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1983.1143002

23. Park, , S., Y. Okajima, J. Hirokawa, and M. Ando, , "A slotted post-wall waveguide array with interdigital structure for 45 linear and dual polarization," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 53, No. 9, 2865-2871, , Sep. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.854554

24. Kim, , D.-Y., W. Chung, C. Park, S. Lee and S. Nam, , "Design of a 45±-inclined SIW resonant series slot array antenna for Ka-band," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 10, 2011.

25. Chen, Y. J., W. Hong, and K. Wu, "Millimeter-wave half mode substrate integrated waveguide frequency scanning antenna with quadric-polarization," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 6, 1848-1855, , Jun. 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2046844

26. Park, , S., J. Hirokawa, and M. Ando, "Simple analysis of a slot with a re°ection-canceling post in a rectangular waveguide using only the axial uniform currents on the post surface," IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol. E86-B, No. 8, 2482-2487, Aug. 2003.

Dr. Tao Yang

Prof. Pei-Ling Chi

Professor Rui-Min Xu