volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Millimeter wave (MMW) imaging has found rapid adoption in security applications such as concealed object detection under clothing. However, the imaging quality is often degraded due to resolution limit and low signal level. This study addresses shape feature analysis following concealed object detection. The object region is extracted by multi-level segmentation. Shape features are composed of several descriptors which are object area, perimeter, major and minor axes of the basic rectangle, rectangularity, compactness, and eccentricity. In the experiments, three objects (gun, hand ax, and plastic bottle containing liquid skin aid) concealed under clothing are captured by the passive MMW imaging system. The extracted shape features are compared with the true features from the object model showing good accuracy.

1. Yujiri, L., M. Shoucri, and P. Moffa, "Passive millimeter-wave imaging," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 3, 39-50, 2003.
doi:10.1109/MMW.2003.1237476 Google Scholar

2. Appleby, R. and R. N. Anderton, "Millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave imaging for security and surveillance," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 8, 1683-1690, 2007.
doi:10.1109/JPROC.2007.898832 Google Scholar

3. Chen, H.-M., S. Lee, R. M. Rao, M.-A. Slamani, and P. K. Varshney, "Imaging for concealed weapon detection: A tutorial overview of development in imaging sensors and processing," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 22, 52-61, 2005.
doi:10.1109/MSP.2005.1406480 Google Scholar

4. Kim, W.-G., N.-W. Moon, H.-K. Kim, and Y.-H. Kim, "Linear polarization sum imaging in passive millimeter-wave imaging system for target recognition," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 136, 175-193, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER12110709 Google Scholar

5. Demirci, S., H. Cetinkaya, E. Yigit, C. Ozdemir, and A. A. Vertiy, "A study on millimeter-wave imaging of concealed objects: Application using back-projection algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 457-477, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12050210 Google Scholar

6. Sato, H., K. Sawaya, K. Mizuno, J. Uemura, M. Takeda, J. Takahashi, K. Yamada, K. Morichika, T. Hasegawa, H. Hirai, H. Nikura, T. Matsuzaki, S. Kato, and J. Nakada, "Passive millimeter-wave imaging for security and safety applications," Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 7671, 76710V, 2010.
doi:10.1117/12.849491 Google Scholar

7. Shen, X., C. R. Dietlein, E. Grossman, Z. Popovic, and F. G. Meyer, "Detection and segmentation of concealed objects in Terahertz images," IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, Vol. 17, No. 12, 2465-2475, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TIP.2008.2006662 Google Scholar

8. Haworth, C. D., Y. De Saint-Pern, D. Clark, E. Trucco, and Y. R. Petillot, "Detection and tracking of multiple metallic objects in millimeter-wave images," International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 71, 183-196, 2007.
doi:10.1007/s11263-006-6275-8 Google Scholar

9. Yeom, S., D. Lee, J.-Y. Son, M. Jung, Y. Jang, S. Jung, and S. Lee, "Real-time outdoor concealed-object detection with passive millimeter wave imaging," Opt. Express, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2530-2536, 2011.
doi:10.1364/OE.19.002530 Google Scholar

10. Yeom, S., D. Lee, and J.-Y. Son, "Multi-level segmentation of passive millimeter wave images for hidden object detection," Optical Engineering, Vol. 51, 091613, 2012.
doi:10.1117/1.OE.51.9.091613 Google Scholar

11. Li, L. C., J. Y. Yang, G. L. Cui, Z. M. Jiang, and X. Zheng, "Method of passive MMW image detection and identification for close target," J. Infrared, Millimeter Terahertz Waves, Vol. 32, No. 102-115, 2011. Google Scholar

12. Jacobs, E. L. and O. Furxhi, "Target identification and navigation performance modeling of a passive millimeter wave imager," Appl. Opt., Vol. 49, E94-E105, 2010.
doi:10.1364/AO.49.000E94 Google Scholar

13. Belongie, S., J. Malik, and J. Puzicha, "Shape matching and object recognition using shape contexts," IEEE PAMI, Vol. 24, 509-521, 2002.
doi:10.1109/34.993558 Google Scholar

14. Yeom, S., D. Lee, Y. Jang, M. Lee, and S. Jung, "Real-time outdoor concealed-object detection with passive millimeter wave imaging," Opt. Express, Vol. 20, No. 9, 9371-9381, 2012.
doi:10.1364/OE.20.009371 Google Scholar

15. Gonzalez, R. C., Digital Image Processing 2/E, Prentice-Hall Inc., 2003.

16. Pitas, I., Digital Image Processing Algorithms and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.

17. Mingqiang, Y., K. Kidiyo, and R. Joseph, Pattern Recognition Techniques, Technology and Applications. Ch. 3: A Survey of Shape Feature Extraction Techniques, InTech, 2008.

18. Gersho, A. and R. M. Gray, Vector Quantization and Signal Compression, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3626-0

19. Bishop, C. M., Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford, 1995.

20. Yeom, S., D. Lee, H. Lee, J. Son, and V. P. Gushin, "Vector clustering of passive millimeter wave images with linear polarization for concealed object detection," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 39, 169-180, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIERL13021907 Google Scholar

Dr. Seokwon Yeom

Dr. Dongsu Lee

Dr. Joungyoung Son