Search search
Publication Date
to
Vol. 50
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERM 139 PIERM 138 PIERM 137 PIERM 136 PIERM 135 PIERM 134 PIERM 133 PIERM 132 PIERM 131 PIERM 130 PIERM 129 PIERM 128 PIERM 127 PIERM 126 PIERM 125 PIERM 124 PIERM 123 PIERM 122 PIERM 121 PIERM 120 PIERM 119 PIERM 118 PIERM 117 PIERM 116 PIERM 115 PIERM 114 PIERM 113 PIERM 112 PIERM 111 PIERM 110 PIERM 109 PIERM 108 PIERM 107 PIERM 106 PIERM 105 PIERM 104 PIERM 103 PIERM 102 PIERM 101 PIERM 100 PIERM 99 PIERM 98 PIERM 97 PIERM 96 PIERM 95 PIERM 94 PIERM 93 PIERM 92 PIERM 91 PIERM 90 PIERM 89 PIERM 88 PIERM 87 PIERM 86 PIERM 85 PIERM 84 PIERM 83 PIERM 82 PIERM 81 PIERM 80 PIERM 79 PIERM 78 PIERM 77 PIERM 76 PIERM 75 PIERM 74 PIERM 73 PIERM 72 PIERM 71 PIERM 70 PIERM 69 PIERM 68 PIERM 67 PIERM 66 PIERM 65 PIERM 64 PIERM 63 PIERM 62 PIERM 61 PIERM 60 PIERM 59 PIERM 58 PIERM 57 PIERM 56 PIERM 55 PIERM 54 PIERM 53 PIERM 52 PIERM 51 PIERM 50 PIERM 49 PIERM 48 PIERM 47 PIERM 46 PIERM 45 PIERM 44 PIERM 43 PIERM 42 PIERM 41 PIERM 40 PIERM 39 PIERM 38 PIERM 37 PIERM 36 PIERM 35 PIERM 34 PIERM 33 PIERM 32 PIERM 31 PIERM 30 PIERM 29 PIERM 28 PIERM 27 PIERM 26 PIERM 25 PIERM 24 PIERM 23 PIERM 22 PIERM 21 PIERM 20 PIERM 19 PIERM 18 PIERM 17 PIERM 16 PIERM 14 PIERM 13 PIERM 12 PIERM 11 PIERM 10 PIERM 9 PIERM 8 PIERM 7 PIERM 6 PIERM 5 PIERM 4 PIERM 3 PIERM 2 PIERM 1
All Journals
PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters PIER Photonics
2016-09-23
Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure Levels and Determination of the Minimum Safe Distances from Mobile-Phone Base Stations in Urban Areas
By
Enver Hamiti,

    Professor Enver Hamiti

    Prishtina University

    Kosovo

    Homepage

Mimoza Ibrani,

    Professor Mimoza Ibrani

    Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

    University of Prishtina

    Kosovo

    Homepage

Luan Ahma,

    Prof. Luan Ahma

    Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

    Prishtina University

    Kosovo

    Homepage

Vlerar Shala,

    Dr. Vlerar Shala

    Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

    University of Prishtina

    Kosovo

    Homepage

Rreze Halili

    Dr. Rreze Halili

    University of Prishtina

    Republic of Kosovo

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 50, 117-128, 2016
doi:10.2528/PIERM16072506 | Google Scholar

Abstract
Theoretical, software-computed and experimental evaluations of the exposure levels to electromagnetic fields generated by GSM 900, GSM 1800 and 3G base stations in urban areas, including determination of the minimum safe distances for population and occupational exposure, are presented. Using the software package SPECTRAemc with the P.1546 propagation wave model and a topographic digital map, the electromagnetic field levels were assessed considering the height of the receiving antenna to be at the height of human. At a few locations in the direction of maximum radiation intensity, in situ measurements of the electric field strength were performed. The base station power densities measured at a few exposure sites were in the range of 0.11 (μW/cm2) to 6.73 (μW/cm2). The results of Kosovo experimental survey are compared with surveys done in 21 countries in five continents. The power density values obtained in Kosovo are higher, but many times below the safety standard limits.
Download Full Article (953) View Full Article volume
Citation
Enver Hamiti, Mimoza Ibrani, Luan Ahma, Vlerar Shala, and Rreze Halili, "Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure Levels and Determination of the Minimum Safe Distances from Mobile-Phone Base Stations in Urban Areas," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 50, 117-128, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIERM16072506
References

1. Gajšek, P., P. Ravazzani, J. Wiart, J. Gresllier, T. Samaras, and G. Thuróczy, "Electromagnetic field exposure assessment in Europe radiofrequency fields (10 MHz–6 GHz)," Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 25, No. 1, 37-44, 2015.
doi:10.1038/jes.2013.40        Google Scholar

2. Khurana, V. G., L. Hardell, J. Everaert, A. Bortkiewicz, M. Carlberg, and M. Ahonen, "Epidemiological evidence for a health risk from mobile phone base stations," International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, 263-267, 2010.
doi:10.1179/oeh.2010.16.3.263        Google Scholar

3. Gandhi, G., G. Kaur, and U. Nisar, "A cross-sectional case control study on genetic damage in individuals residing in the vicinity of a mobile phone base station," Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 344-354, 2014.        Google Scholar

4. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Physics, Vol. 74, No. 4, 494-522, 1998.        Google Scholar

5. Alanko, T., M. Hietanen, and P. von Nandelstadh, "Occupational exposure to RF fields from base station antennas on rooftops," Annals of Telecommunications - Annales des Télécommunications, Vol. 63, No. 1-2, 125-132, 2008.
doi:10.1007/s12243-007-0001-6        Google Scholar

6. Lacroux, F., E. Conil, A. C. Carrasco, A. Gati, M. F. Wong, and J. Wiart, "Specific absorption rate assessment near a base station antenna (2,140 MHz): Some key points," Annals of Telecommunications - Annales des Télécommunications, Vol. 63, No. 1-2, 55-64, 2008.
doi:10.1007/s12243-007-0005-2        Google Scholar

7. Joseph, W. and L. Martens, "Comparison of safety distances based on the electromagnetic field and based on the SAR for occupational exposure of a 900-MHz base station antenna," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2005.854100        Google Scholar

8. Laviada, J., Y. Alvarez-Lopez, and F. Las-Heras, "Efficient determination of the near-field in vicinity of an antenna for the estimation of its safety perimeter," Progress In Electromagnetic Research, Vol. 103, 371-391, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10031807        Google Scholar

9. Gosselin, M.-C., G. Vermeeren, S. Kuhn, V. Kellerman, S. Benkler, T. M. I. Uusitupa, W. Joseph, A. Gati, J. Wiart, F. J. C. Meyer, L. Martens, T. Nojima, T. Hikage, Q. Balzano, A. Christ, and N. Kuster, "Estimation formulas for the specific absorption rate in humans exposed to base station antennas," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2011.2139216        Google Scholar

10. Gosselin, M.-C., A. Christ, S. Kuhn, and N. Kuster, "Dependence of the occupational exposure to mobile phone base stations on the properties of the antenna and the human body," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2009.2013717        Google Scholar

11. Wang, J., T. Tayamachi, and O. Fujiwara, "Amplitude probability distribution measurement for electric field intensity assessment of cellular-phone-base stations," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2008.926888        Google Scholar

12. Ozdemir, A. R., M. Alkan, and M. Gulsen, "Time dependence of environmental electric field measurements and analysis of cellular base stations," IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2014.
doi:10.1109/MEMC.2014.6924327        Google Scholar

13. Higashiyama, J. and Y. Tarusawa, "Design of electric field meter to assess human exposure in environment with mobile base station," 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Tokyo (EMC’14/Tokyo), 650-653, IEEE, 2014.        Google Scholar

14. World Health Organization, WHO research agenda for radiofrequency fields, http://www.who.int/peh-emf/research/agenda/en/index.html (accessed December 19, 2010), 2010.        Google Scholar

15. Rowley, J. T. and K. H. Joyner, "Comparative international analysis of radiofrequency exposure surveys of mobile communication radio base stations," Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 22, No. 3, 304-315, 2012.
doi:10.1038/jes.2012.13        Google Scholar

16. Ibrani, M., E. Hamiti, L. Ahma, R. Halili, V. Shala, and D. Berisha, "Narrowband frequency-selective up-link and down-link evaluation of daily personal-exposure induced by wireless operating networks," Wireless Networks, 1-10, 2016.        Google Scholar

17. Ibrani, M., E. Hamiti, L. Ahma, and B. Shala, "Assessment of personal radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in specific indoor workplaces and possible worst-case scenarios," AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 70, No. 6, 808-813, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2016.03.007        Google Scholar

18. Miclaus, S. and P. Bechet, "Estimated and measured values of the radiofrequency radiation power density around cellular base stations," Romanian Journal of Physics, Vol. 52, No. 3/4, 429, 2007.        Google Scholar

19. Cicchetti, R. and A. Faraone, "Estimation of the peak power density in the vicinity of cellular and radio base station antennas," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 46, No. 2, 275-290, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2004.826885        Google Scholar

20. Kamo, B., R. M. Mitrushi, V. Kolici, O. Shurdi, and A. Lala, "Estimated peak power density in the vicinity of cellular base stations in Albanian territory," 2010 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 117-120, IEEE, 2010.        Google Scholar

21. Gajšek, P. and D. Simunic, "Occupational exposure to base stations - compliance with EU Directive 2004/40/EC," International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 12, No. 2, 187-194, 2006.
doi:10.1080/10803548.2006.11076680        Google Scholar

22. Baldauf, M. A., S. Knorzer, J. A. Pontes, and W. Wiesbeck, "Safety distances underneath vertically polarized base station antennas," 18th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC Zurich 2007, 191-194, IEEE, 2007.
doi:10.1109/EMCZUR.2007.4388228        Google Scholar

23. Beekhuizen, J., R. Vermeulen, H. Kromhout, A. Bürgi, and A. Huss, "Geospatial modelling of electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base stations," Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 445, 202-209, 2013.
doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.020        Google Scholar

24. Hasenfratz, D., S. Sturzenegger, O. Saukh, and L. Thiele, "Spatially resolved monitoring of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields," Proceedings of First International Workshop on Sensing and Big Data Mining, 1-6, ACM, 2013.
doi:10.1145/2536714.2536719        Google Scholar

25. Agbinya, J., Z. Chaczko, and K. Aboura, "Radio frequency pollution mapping," Proc. of the Fourth International Conference on Broadband Communication Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, 2009.        Google Scholar

26. Genc, O., M. Bayrak, and E. Yaldiz, "Analysis of the effects of GSM bands to the electromagnetic pollution in the RF spectrum," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 101, 17-32, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER09111004        Google Scholar

27. Paniagua, J. M., M. Rufo, A. Jimenez, and A. Antolin, "The spatial statistics formalism applied to mapping electromagnetic radiation in urban areas," Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 185, No. 1, 311-322, 2013.
doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2555-7        Google Scholar

28. Ibrani, M., L. Ahma, and E. Hamiti, "Assessment of the exposure of children to electromagnetic fields from wireless communication devices in home environments," IET Communications, Vol. 8, No. 12, 2222-2228, 2014.
doi:10.1049/iet-com.2013.0818        Google Scholar

29. Beekhuizen, J., R. Vermeulen, M. van Eijsden, R. van Strien, A. B¨urgi, E. Loomans, and A. Huss, "Modelling indoor electromagnetic fields (EMF) from mobile phone base stations for epidemiological studies," Environment International, Vol. 67, 22-26, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.008        Google Scholar

30. Gultekin, D. H. and L. Moeller, "NMR imaging of cell phone radiation absorption in brain tissue," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, No. 1, 58-63, 2013.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1205598109        Google Scholar

Download Full Article (953) View Full Article volume


The EM Academy piers.org jpier.org Who's Who in EM
Copyright © 2022 The Electromagnetics Academy. All Rights Reserved.