Magnetically Coupled Resonant (MCR) Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems suffer power-transfer efficiency (PTE) degradation due to misalignment of the transmitter/receiver coil pair across multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) simultaneously. Previous methods track lateral offset or rotational drift individually; none have reported correcting combined lateral, vertical, and angular misalignment in real time. The proposed hybrid physics-machine learning model combines an analytical model for a mutual-inductance circuit with a trained feedforward-network (FFN) residual-correction layer to estimate the state of the matching network that produces a maximum PTE when there is simultaneous 3-DOF misalignment. The method is evaluated for a representative 6.78 MHz, 3-turn, 40 mm-diameter coil pair, using a numerical electromagnetic model (Neumann-integral mutual inductance evaluation), and an exact model of a series-series (S-S) resonant circuit. The value of the nonlinear cross coupling term between lateral and tilt that is neglected by a separable analytical model increases by ~18% to 79% of the true value of the mutual inductance as misalignment increases, and the value of a learned correction increases strongly with the size of the disturbance. Similarly, the single axis baseline has an average efficiency gap from the optimal (1.30 percentage points), which is only 49% closed by using the extended analytical model, and 89% closed with the trained residual layer. The shallow FFN is shown to be better for this correction than the degree-2 polynomial ridge regressor in an ablation. It is also observed that the carrier-frequency retuning has a very small impact on the efficiency in this topology, with the state of the matching network being the major lever. A warning, however, is that the correction may sometimes make the worst-case deficit worse at the corners of the envelope where there are fewer samples, meaning that the samples have to be denser, or an extrapolation safeguard needs to be included before deployment.

Electromagnetic absorbers are specially designed structures that absorb electromagnetic waves incident on their surface and reduce reflections in a specified frequency range. They are used within a wide range of applications, including stealth technology, reduction of electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic compatibility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of radar absorber design techniques, starting with basic homogeneous resistive sheet-based absorbers and progressing to advanced designs incorporating resistive frequency-selective surfaces. A separate detailed review is carried out on transparent absorbers designed for the optical transparency requirement in canopies and windows. Focus is given to the recent development of tunable absorbers designed to control resistive and reactive characteristics using an active element to tune various parameters that pertain to absorption. This paper summarizes key approaches for achieving narrowband, broadband, ultra-wideband, multiband, polarization-insensitive, and wide-incidence-angle absorption. Recent advancements and technical challenges in absorber design, such as low profile, flexibility, transparency, and real-time tunability, are systematically reviewed to guide future innovations in radar absorber technology.

Nonlinear light-matter interactions have greatly benefited from high-Q resonances, which enhance the local field at the pump frequency, strengthening the nonlinear polarization at the harmonic frequency. However, despite the strong harmonic buildup, the collected signal often remains limited by the absence of efficient radiative channels. To address this issue, we propose an all-dielectric nonlocal ternary metagrating that combines a high-Q quasi-guided-mode resonance at the fundamental frequency (ω) with a moderate-Q radiative guided-mode resonance at the third-harmonic frequency (3ω), leading to significantly enhancing the third-harmonic generation (THG) process. By reducing the Brillouin zone to one-third of its original size, the ternary design folds the dispersive guided-mode branches to the Γ-point, enriching the modal landscape. In addition, the ternary geometry reduces coupling into unwanted higher-order diffraction channels near 3ω, thereby favoring the desired harmonic radiative response. Experimentally, the device achieves an estimated collected THG conversion efficiency of approximately 1.86×10^-6, confirming the practical potential of the dual-resonant scheme. These findings establish a practical route toward dual-resonant enhancement that reduces reliance on extremely high-Q or flat-band resonances, offering a more fabrication-friendly, experimentally accessible platform for nonlinear photonic applications such as Raman spectroscopy, nonlinear imaging, and quantum photonics.

This paper proposes a surrogate model-based multi-objective optimization framework to improve the comprehensive electromagnetic performance of outer rotor permanent magnet brushless DC motors. Targeting key performance metrics including efficiency, torque ripple, cogging torque, core loss and total harmonic distortion (THD) of back-electromotive force (EMF), a parametric finite element model is established to identify key parameters and performance indicators. Dimensionality reduction is carried out through statistical correlation and cluster analysis. An Elliptical Basis Functions (EBF) neural network surrogate model is thereafter constructed to substitute the computationally expensive finite-element model. Different from conventional Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) models, EBF adopts Mahalanobis distance to mitigate prediction deviation induced by parameter coupling and achieves superior fitting accuracy for strongly-nonlinear motor responses under limited sample size. The Pareto solution set is obtained through the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). Then, the GRA-TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making approach is employed to objectively select the global optimal solution from the Pareto solution set and avoid subjective solution selection. Finite element analysis results confirm that the motor performance has been significantly improved: torque ripple, peak cogging torque, core loss, and eddy-current loss are reduced by 18.8%, 18.7%, 6.97%, and 7.12%, respectively, and the effectiveness of constructing an efficient optimization framework has been verified.

The mitigation of non-line-of-sight (NLoS) blockages in modern multi-user wireless networks increasingly relies on reconfigurable metasurfaces (RMS) for adaptive beamforming. However, achieving high-resolution phase control typically requires complex, heavy biasing networks, which strictly limit deployment on payload-constrained aerial platforms. To address this, this paper presents the design and system-level performance analysis of a low-profile, 1-bit reconfigurable metasurface operating at 5.67 GHz, developed toward eventual integration on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms for real-world NLoS mitigation. Designed on a single-layer dielectric substrate, the 10×10 meta-atom array utilizes a row-column addressing architecture that drastically reduces control circuitry to just 20 biasing lines, making it a lightweight and readily fabricable candidate for future UAV-mounted deployment. Adaptive twin-beam steering patterns were synthesized across a ±10^◦ to ±60^◦ design space in which two-tier simulations confirmed reliable beam-pointing accuracy (deviations below 1.5^◦) for target angles up to ±40^◦, while revealing significant pointing degradation at ±50^◦ and beyond due to element-pattern roll-off. To assess its potential for payload-constrained applications, the metasurface operation as a UAV-mounted relay was evaluated through a simulated NLoS communication scenario within this validated ±40^◦ range. The system exhibits strong spatial selectivity, effectively isolating targeted users from interference and demonstrating its capability to restore blocked data links under simulated deployment conditions. By delivering a decisive 8 to 14 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) advantage to maintain a stringent 10^-3 Bit Error Rate (BER), this work establishes the hardware-efficient metasurface as a promising, deployment-ready design for future resilient aerial communication systems, with physical prototyping and real-world flight testing planned as the next stage of this research.

This paper introduces an ultra-miniaturized, reconfigurable antenna for wireless communication applications. The suggested reconfigurable antenna is fabricated on an FR4-epoxy substrate (20 × 20 × 1.6 mm³, ε!= 4.4), and it provides a miniature factor 79% which is an outstanding value. Frequency reconfiguration can be achieved using two PIN diodes, which make the proposed antenna capable of working in various frequencies, including 5G/6G, WLAN, HiperLAN, V2X, WiMAX, Wi-Fi 6E/7/8, and S/C/X/Ku bands. With the analysis performed by CST Studio Suite, the proposed antenna shows outstanding quantitative results without any sacrifice in its size, cost, or complexity. In this context, the antenna shows dual-band impedance bandwidths of 1.36 GHz and 6.4 GHz. Additionally, it has 2 dBi of peak gain and 79% high radiation efficiency.

This paper presents a single-port concentric multi-ring circular monopole in which each ring is a separate characteristic-mode resonator, and cross spokes force the ring currents in phase so that the individual ring resonances merge into one continuous impedance band. This ring-per-mode partitioning distinguishes the design from single-mode monopoles, and characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is used to place and order the modes rather than explain a finished geometry. The radiator occupies 0.27λ₀ × 0.39λ₀ on a 33 × 23 × 0.8 mm³ RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (ε_r = 2.2, tan δ = 0.0009), a low-permittivity laminate that resists miniaturisation. A central disc of radius 5.5 mm and three concentric rings of mean radii 6.27, 7.79, and 10.14 mm are excited by a 50 Ω microstrip line whose 2.465 mm width follows directly from Hammerstad synthesis, and a triangular tapered partial ground of height 10.66 mm - one quarter-wavelength at band centre completes the match. Closed-form ring resonances of 3.72, 4.84 and 6.02 GHz agree with the modal spectrum and with the measured lower resonance at 3.65 GHz to within 1.9%. The measured impedance band spans 3.50-6.15 GHz, a fractional bandwidth of 54.9% centered at 4.83 GHz, and covers the 5G NR n77, n78 and n79 bands together with the 5.5 GHz WLAN band in one continuous match. A physically partitioned equivalent circuit, one series-RLC branch per ring with every branch resonance fixed to its closed-form value, reproduces the full-wave reflection response with a 0.72 dB RMS error. The design gives a compact, single-layer, single-feed route to full sub-6 GHz coverage with an analysis chain that ties every dimension to a resonant mechanism.

This paper proposes and investigates a dual-band four-element MIMO antenna structure. The antenna operates across several frequency bands, including U6G, 5G n256, 4G LTE, WiMAX, and WLAN 5G, while maintaining its intended functionality. The proposed CPW-fed antenna adopts slot radiators and occupies a compact volume of 103.72 × 103.72 × 0.8 mm³. A trident-shaped branch enhances bandwidth, and the antenna's dual-band performance comes from etching a semi-elliptical ring slot. Experimental results show that the antenna provides two impedance bandwidths of 2200 MHz (1.81-4.01 GHz) and 2380 MHz (4.85-7.23 GHz). These bandwidths fully cover the required operating ranges, including WLAN 5G (5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz), U6G (6.425-7.125 GHz), 5G n256 (1.98-2.01 GHz and 2.17-2.2 GHz), 4G LTE (2.3-2.39 GHz and 2.555-2.655 GHz) and WiMAX (3.3-3.8 GHz). Furthermore, the proposed antenna achieves a peak gain of 4.08 dB at 2.5 GHz and 6.42 dB at 6 GHz. The ECC remains less than 0.003, and the DG exceeds 9.99, indicating superior diversity performance. These findings indicate that the proposed dual-band four-element MIMO antenna is highly suitable for use in 5G sub-6 GHz and U6G communication systems.

Flux reversal permanent magnet machine (FRPMM), owing to their high power density and excellent low-speed high-torque capability, is considered promising for low-speed direct-drive hydropower generation systems. However, the vibration and noise caused by radial electromagnetic force hinder the development of the FRPMM. A novel FRPMM with a permanent magnet (PM) chamfer on the stator is proposed. First, the radial force density, average torque, and torque ripple are taken as optimization objectives. The multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to optimize the machine. Next, the space-time characteristics of air-gap flux density and radial force density are obtained based on finite-element simulation. The modal analysis and harmonic response analysis of the stator are carried out. The results show that the radial force density of the proposed FRPMM is significantly reduced, and the machine's vibration characteristics are optimized.

This paper presents power divider that combines broadside coupling and coplanar waveguides. This structure enables the tuning of the coupling coefficient by changing the microstrip line width on the top and bottom surfaces as well as the slot spacing between the line and the ground plane. This developed power divider can be easily fabricated with a single-layer structure, without requiring complex multilayer manufacturing of a printed circuit board. To verify the effectiveness of this proposed structure, simulation and measurement were performed at a center frequency of 2 GHz. The measurement results of the implemented power divider agreed well with the simulation results.

Full-wave electromagnetic simulation is computationally intensive during parametric antenna design and optimization. This study proposes a Support Vector Regression (SVR) based framework to predict the reflection coefficient of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor-Perfect Electric Conductor (AMC-PEC) metasurface antenna array in the X-band. The antenna comprises circular AMC cells and rectangular/grid PEC radiating elements arranged in a spatially optimized architecture. A dataset of 500 samples was generated using openEMS full-wave simulations, with antenna geometrical parameters as inputs and S₁₁ as the target response. An SVR model with a radial basis function kernel was trained and validated against simulations and measurements of a fabricated multilayer prototype. The predicted, simulated, and measured resonances occurred at approximately 9.8, 9.9, and 10.0 GHz, respectively, while measurements confirmed broadband impedance matching from 9.04 to 11.0 GHz. The SVR achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.20 dB, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.26 dB, and coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.998, outperforming Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models trained on the same dataset. Predictions were generated in under one second, providing a speedup of approximately three orders of magnitude over full-wave simulation. The results demonstrate accurate and computationally efficient prediction for antenna design and optimization.

This paper proposes a compact, independently fed hybrid antenna array featuring reconfigurable frequency and radiation patterns for adaptive wireless applications, employing PIN diodes. The hybrid arrangement incorporates independently driven elements with diode-controlled current pathways to enable concurrent spectral and spatial tuning within a single structure. Frequency agility is achieved through PIN-diode switching configurations; five representative states are presented, due to the similarity among the other responses, with resonant frequencies derived from the minima of the S-parameters. Multiband operation is demonstrated in simulation from 3.8 to 6.49 GHz and in measurement from 4.18 to 6.56 GHz; the mutual coupling suppression is achieved by an independently fed architecture, maintaining inter-port isolation better than 18-20 dB throughout the operating band, which signifies effective suppression of mutual coupling within the operating band. Radiation pattern reconfigurability is achieved via PIN diode switching, yielding directional radiation-pattern reconfigurability through electronic switching via controlled redistribution of surface current. The design remains compact at 40 × 44 mm² and uses only four PIN diodes, reducing switching complexity while preserving stable gain and radiation performance. Measured results show good agreement with simulations, validating the design's effectiveness. The proposed antenna provides a compact and low-complexity solution for adaptive sub-6 GHz wireless communication systems requiring simultaneous frequency and radiation-pattern reconfigurability.

This paper presents a compact 39 × 39 mm² quad-port ultra-wideband (UWB) MIMO antenna with dual band-notches and enhanced inter-element isolation. Four orthogonally arranged microstrip-fed circular radiators are employed to reduce mutual coupling, while two U-shaped slots etched on each radiator suppress interference from the C-band (3.1-4.3 GHz) and Wireless LAN (5.2-5.6 GHz) bands. We investigate the antenna using Characteristic Mode Analysis through modal significance and modal current distributions. The proposed diversity antenna is evaluated using envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, total active reflection coefficient, channel capacity loss, multiplexing efficiency, and simulated group delay. The antenna achieves an impedance spectrum covering 2.9-10.6 GHz, radiation efficiency of 90%, gain of 5.2 dBi, ECC < 0.02, and isolation of -20 dB. The results demonstrate that the proposed antenna provides an effective combination of small size and high isolation, making it viable for UWB applications.

Exosomal surface proteins are emerging as minimally invasive liquid-biopsy biomarkers for breast cancer, yet their trace-level abundance poses challenges for biosensor sensitivity and multiplexing capacity, and conventional assays miss the substantial cargo in vesicles. Here, we report a mass-amplification-enhanced multiplexed SPR platform coupling antibody-directed magnetic enrichment with a phase-interrogated Ag/ZnSe waveguide chip for simultaneous detection of EpCAM, VEGF, and CD63, with a proof-of-concept extension to the immune-activation marker IFN-γ. A bimetallic Zr/Ce-MOF@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite (confirmed by SEM-EDS) provided high refractive-index mass loading and magnetic separability, interfaced with a multi-channel Ag/ZnSe/APTES/GO chip (anti-EpCAM, anti-VEGF, anti-CD63) via a phase-polarization-modulation SPR system and PDMS microfluidics. MOF amplification improved the LOD for EpCAM from 0.86 to 0.07 pg mL^-1 (12.3-fold) and for VEGF from 2.45 to 0.21 pg mL^-1 (11.7-fold). Intact exosomes gave antibody-specific responses on anti-EpCAM (6.22°), anti-VEGF (3.09°), and anti-CD63 (9.54°), with signal-to-background ratios up to 106.0 and cross-reactivity below 0.4°; in matched healthy and patient serum, MOF-amplified responses were consistently higher in patients across all three markers (6.5-fold EpCAM, 6.2-fold VEGF, 8-fold CD63), with comparable discrimination extended to urine on the CD63 channel. Lysates analyzed on anti-EpCAM channels showed negligible healthy signals (0.29° without MOF, 1.63° with MOF) versus a patient increase from 5.80° to 18.4° (3.17-fold), corresponding to an apparent 41 pg mL^-1 total solubilized EV-associated EpCAM. As proof of concept for immune-status phenotyping, CD63-captured exosomes from a patient with clinical suspicion of immune activation showed a 12-fold higher IFN-γ signal than healthy samples (9-fold with MOF), with Langmuir kinetics indicating higher apparent binding affinity in the patient. Nanoparticle tracking confirmed exosome populations within the characteristic 30-150 nm range (mean 66.5-92.8 nm), and inter-chip/inter-channel reproducibility were 2.72% and 0.64% CV. As a complementary label-free imaging readout, the EV/MOF workflow was also implemented on a differential guided-mode resonance (dGMR) platform, where intact whole-EV binding produced MOF-amplified resonance-stripe pixel shifts without vesicle lysis; patient-derived EVs showed ~9.4-fold enhancement (vs 6.86-fold by phase-interrogated SPR), and healthy-derived EVs showed $\sim10.8$-fold enhancement, pushing the dGMR whole-EV response into a near-order-of-magnitude amplification regime. In a comparative discussion, sandwich SERS detection of EV-associated IFN-γ in CAR-T therapy further demonstrated that molecular fingerprint-based SERS can resolve specific immune markers, complementing the quantitative strengths of SPR and extending the platform toward immune-status monitoring. This platform demonstrates proof-of-concept feasibility for multiplexed exosomal marker detection directly in crude clinical matrices, with larger cohort studies required to establish diagnostic utility.

This study proposes a triple-band high-efficiency electromagnetic absorber constructed using a lossy resonant layer, an air spacer, and a bandpass frequency-selective surface (FSS) boundary. The lossy layer adopts bent multi-section metal resonators loaded with two types of lumped resistors to generate a multi-band resonant loss, while the underlying slot-type bandpass FSS provides frequency-dependent boundary responses: it serves as a reflective boundary at the lower two absorption bands and couples with the top-layer resonance at the higher band, while retaining out-of-band transmission. The simulated results reveal effective absorption (absorptivity > 80%) at 5.2-6.1 GHz, 14.5-16.0 GHz, and 20.8-22.2 GHz, with peak absorptivities of 0.92, 1.00, and 0.97, respectively. Thanks to the centrosymmetric layout, the absorber is insensitive to TE/TM polarizations and maintains stable absorption up to 30° under oblique incidence. The operating frequencies can be flexibly tuned the via slot dimensions, metal line size, and resistance values. Due to its low profile and easy processing, the proposed design is suitable for stealth, radar cross-section reduction, and electromagnetic interference mitigation.

This paper presents a compact dual-band two-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for terminal-device wireless communication. The antenna element is based on a rectangular patch, and miniaturization is achieved by combining slot loading with a partial ground plane. A complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) introduces an additional resonant mode, enabling dual-band operation. A 2 × 1 MIMO configuration is formed by arranging two elements in parallel. To reduce mutual coupling, a four-stage T-shaped hybrid-slot decoupling structure with E-, L-, window-, and spiral-shaped slots is introduced on a common ground plane, effectively suppressing surface current coupling. The dimension of the antenna is 0.45λ₀ × 0.31λ₀ × 0.019λ₀. The antenna operates over 3.17-4.37 GHz and 4.76-5.02 GHz, with a port isolation better than -20 dB over both bands, reaching -34.58 dB at 3.52 GHz and -22.79 dB at 4.87 GHz. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is below 0.005, and the diversity gain (DG) is approximately 10 dB. The measured results agree with the simulated ones. These results indicate that the proposed antenna achieves a good balance between compact size and high isolation, making it suitable for size-constrained terminal MIMO applications.

To address speed-tracking degradation and torsional vibration caused by flexible-shaft coupling and load disturbances in PMSM dual-inertia systems, this paper proposes a high-order nonsingular fast integral terminal sliding mode control (HONFITSMC) method integrated with dual finite-time extended sliding mode disturbance observers (FTESMDOs). First, a third-order load-side dynamic model is derived to explicitly describe the effects of shaft torque and load disturbance. Next, the HONFITSMC method is developed using an inner integral sliding surface, an outer high-order sliding surface, and a dual-power reaching law. Furthermore, a weighting function is introduced to adapt the convergence speed across different error regions, reducing chattering and improving speed-tracking accuracy. Then, dual FTESMDOs are designed for the motor side and load side to estimate the shaft torque and load-side disturbances, and the estimated values are fed forward into the control law for real-time compensation. The simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme significantly improves the system's disturbance rejection capability and overall robustness.

Rotor water friction loss is a critical determinant of the overall performance and efficiency of water-filled submersible permanent magnet synchronous motors (WSPMSMs) employed in mining applications. This study analyzes the electromagnetic performance and rotor water friction loss of a 500\,kW WSPMSM using the finite element method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), respectively. From a structural optimization perspective, the effects of the air-gap length and stator slot shape on rotor water friction loss were examined. A multi-objective optimization method incorporating rotor water friction loss was proposed, featuring variable stratification and differentiated reduction of optimization ranges. Firstly, an orthogonal array was constructed using the Taguchi method, and both electromagnetic finite element and CFD simulations were performed. Secondly, analysis of variance (ANOVA) classified design variables as significant and insignificant. Based on the multiple performance characteristic index (MPCI) analysis, the optimization ranges of two types of variables were narrowed to different extents. Finally, for significant variables, the response surface method (RSM) coupled with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III) was applied for precise optimization. For insignificant variables, the Taguchi method or parameter scanning was used for rapid optimization, depending on their number. By comparing the optimization results of the proposed method with those of existing methods, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method were verified.

This work demonstrates the design of a terahertz (THz) antenna that utilizes graphene to achieve frequency-reconfigurable multiband operation. The proposed design integrates electrically controlled graphene switches within precisely defined slots to dynamically modify the distribution of surface currents, enabling a highly multi-band, frequency-reconfigurable antenna. The antenna consists of perpendicular (vertical and horizontal) slots, supported by six graphene switches, whose operating frequencies are adjusted by controlling the graphene's chemical potential. The proposed antenna covers a wide frequency range from 0.288 to 2.501 THz, operating at 63 resonant frequencies and 58 impedance bands, achieved through 11 reconfiguration states (C1-C11). The proposed antenna is created on a 10 μm-thick Rogers RO3003 substrate with overall dimensions of 268 μm × 240 μm × 10 μm. The performance of the proposed antenna, including the reflection coefficient, gain, and radiation efficiency, was evaluated under different operating conditions. Due to its ability to reconfigure multiple frequency bands, this antenna is an ideal solution for dynamically adjustable, tunable THz communication systems.

Existing wideband circularly polarized (CP) antennas generally face trade-offs among wide impedance bandwidth, broad axial ratio (AXR) bandwidth, gain, and compactness in single-layer implementation. Furthermore, a number of reported designs are multi-layer or metasurface-based or require complex feeding networks, making them more complex to manufacture, resulting in increased fabrication costs. In this paper, we develop a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna design using an active central patch with four parasitic patches on an FR4 substrate. The CP condition is obtained by exciting two orthogonal modes of equal magnitude and $90^\circ$ phase difference, which are attained by perturbing the active patch and placing a diagonal coaxial feed on it. We enhance the broadside gain and bandwidth by loading parasitic patches around the active patch via electromagnetic coupling. This type of coupling improves aperture efficiency, impedance matching, and axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) is used to determine and optimize the dominant orthogonal modes responsible for circular polarization and radiation enhancement. The fabricated prototype shows a measured -10 dB impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 18.12% (5.42-6.50 GHz), an ARBW of 17.87% (5.35-6.40 GHz), and a broadside gain of 8.5 dBi. The measured and simulated results show excellent agreement, confirming the functionality of the designed antenna. The antenna's compact size, wide bandwidth, and high broadside gain make it a potential solution for broadband wireless communication, satellite-based systems, and C-band antenna applications.