Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in high-end applications has stringent control performance requirements. However, harsh environments, complex operating conditions, and nonlinear parameter variations can compromise model adaptability, which undermines system reliability and precision. This paper proposes a model-free adaptive control (MFAC) method that utilizes a Multi-Innovation Improved Extended Kalman Filter (MIIEKF) algorithm for prediction and update to enhance system reliability and accuracy. First, the proposed method transforms the PMSM model into a compact-form dynamic linearization (CFDL) data model, which mitigates the need for precise mathematical modeling. Next, an improved Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF) algorithm is used to predict and update the pseudo partial derivative (PPD) in real-time. This resolves its estimation dependency and compensates for data model inaccuracies. Then, the IEKF algorithm is optimized by using Multi-Innovation identification theory to ensure rapid state convergence. Finally, experimental validation confirms that the proposed method significantly improves the convergence rate, reduces chattering, and achieves efficient data-driven control compared to PI control and conventional model-free adaptive control.

To address the challenge of high prediction difficulty caused by the random volatility of photovoltaic (PV) power output, this paper proposes a hybrid forecasting model that deeply integrates multi-scale feature analysis with an intelligent optimization algorithm. First, the spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) is used to select influencing factors as model inputs, and the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) is applied to extract multi-scale features from the power data across four seasons. Second, the hippopotamus optimization (HO) algorithm is introduced in order to overcome the randomness and inefficiency of manual hyperparameter tuning and to optimize the hyperparameters of the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network. Through multi-seasonal case studies, the pro-posed SCC-CEEMDAN-HO-BiLSTM model outperforms conventional models. Specifically, it shows significant improvements in both prediction accuracy and robustness compared to benchmark methods such as the standalone BiLSTM model and the unoptimized CEEMDAN-BiLSTM model. The model effectively handles the multi-scale fluctuations in PV power sequences and meets the requirements for short-term photovoltaic power forecasting.

In this paper, a compact and broadband 50-Ω coplanar waveguide-to-rectangular waveguide (CPW-to-RWG) transition using a 180° phase shifter and a meandered dipole is proposed. The frequency range, for which the reflection coefficient is smaller than -15 dB, covers the whole X-band (8.2~12.4 GHz). In addition to the broadband performance, the transition occupies a small length of 7.37 mm. Furthermore, the characteristic impedance of the coplanar waveguide is 50 Ω, which conforms to the commonly used 50 Ω impedance of radio frequency systems. To further reduce the circuit size, a compact and broadband 50-Ω CPW-to-RWG transition using an inductance-compensated 180° phase shifter and a meandered dipole is proposed. The frequency range, for which the reflection coefficient is smaller than -15 dB, also covers the whole X-band (8.2~12.4 GHz). Besides, the transition size is reduced from 7.37 mm to 6.55 mm, which is smaller than a quarter-wavelength. Furthermore, the characteristic impedance of the coplanar waveguide is of the nominal value of 50 Ω.

The proposed compact dual-band SIW BPF features reconfigurable center frequency and bandwidth, providing two passbands around 2.7 GHz and 4.7 GHz. The lower band targets S-band weather and air-traffic-control radar systems, whereas the upper band covers the 5G NR n79 band, enabling multi-application use in radar and sub-6 GHz 5G wireless communication, utilizing independent reconfigurable methods facilitated by PIN diodes. The suggested design exhibits compact dimensions of 0.21λ_g × 0.48λ_g, a minimal insertion loss of 1.5 dB, and a substantial return loss of 14 dB. Advanced design methodologies, including eigenmode analysis, were utilized to attain precise selectivity and computing of coupling matrix. The engineered filter demonstrates superior performance, with outcomes closely aligning with models, and guarantees little interference with suppression up to 8 GHz. The tuning mechanism provides versatility by independently modifying the operating frequencies of the first and second band, rendering the design very flexible for dynamic wireless communication settings. This study emphasizes a robust and effective answer for contemporary mobile communication systems.

This paper proposes an Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machine for electric vehicles, which features excellent heat dissipation performance and maximizes the utilization of reluctance torque. The inverted triangular structure design, combined with multi-layer flux barriers and ventilation auxiliary slots, effectively increases the saliency ratio and enhances the reluctance torque. The rotor self-ventilation slots significantly expand the heat dissipation area, improve the heat dissipation performance under steady-state operation, and extend the service life of the rotor. In addition, performance evaluation of the IPM machine is conducted, covering back-EMF, torque performance, dq-axis inductances, rotor stress and deformation, as well as thermal performance. This work provides guidance and reference for machine design.

With the advancement of radar detection technology, stealth technology has become increasingly critical in modern warfare. Antennas, as essential components of airborne platforms, are significant scattering sources on stealth aircraft. This paper proposes a method to reduce the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of B3-band satellite navigation antennas using a broadband phase gradient surface. The phase gradient surface is designed to deflect scattered energy into non-threatening angular domains, thereby achieving RCS reduction. The proposed design is validated through simulation software, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing RCS while maintaining the radiation performance of the antenna. The results show that the phase gradient surface can achieve more than 4 dB and 6 dB of RCS reduction under phi- and theta-polarized plane wave incidence, respectively, in the frequency range of 5.5 GHz to 15 GHz.

With increasing demand for renewable energy, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their high efficiency and solution-based manufacturing processes. However, the fabrication of PSCs in ambient conditions, as opposed to inert environments, remains challenging due to environmental factors such as moisture and oxygen that degrade perovskite materials. Developing air-processed PSCs is therefore critical for reducing fabrication cost, simplifying manufacturing infrastructure, and enabling scalable production compatible with industrial processes. Moreover, air processing represents a key step toward realistic deployment, bridging the gap between laboratory demonstrations and commercial applications. This perspective discusses the progress of air-processed PSCs, highlights the environmental challenges related to stability and performance, and outlines potential strategies for future research, including precursor chemistry, solvent and additive engineering, and interface optimization. In addition, emerging scalable deposition techniques, automated platforms, and machine learning-assisted control are expected to accelerate device optimization and reproducibility. Despite remaining challenges, commercializing air-processed PSCs is increasingly viable, promising a sustainable and efficient approach for solar energy technology.

This work presents a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed super wideband (SWB) antenna realized on a low-cost FR4 substrate (ε_r = 4.4, thickness = 1.6 mm). The 20 × 20 mm² radiator integrates a multi-slotted patch within a hexagonal ground plane aperture and a carefully optimized tuning stub that excites and merges multiple resonances into a continuous broadband response. The antenna achieves a measured |S₁₁| ≤ -10 dB impedance bandwidth from 2 to 34 GHz (177.7%), encompassing sub-6 GHz 5G, WLAN/WiMAX, and millimeter wave (Ku/Ka) allocations. Radiation measurements reveal quasi-omnidirectional patterns with a peak gain of 6.60 dB and maximum radiation efficiency of 82.68%. Time-domain analysis demonstrates an almost constant group delay (approximately 0.1 to 0.5 ns, mean 0.19 ns) with a single localized deviation near 24.4 GHz, confirming low dispersion and excellent phase linearity, which are desirable for IR-UWB and high data rate communication systems. Parametric optimization and equivalent RLC circuit modeling validate the broadband mechanism, while simulation studies performed using CST Microwave Studio exhibit excellent agreement with experimental results. The proposed design therefore offers a cost-effective, compact, and high-performance antenna solution suitable for 5G/6G front ends, radar imaging, and broadband sensing applications.

The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the applicability of a rod-electrode-type microwave plasma source (MPS) for pure carbon dioxide (CO₂) splitting at atmospheric pressure. This paper demonstrates that the rod-electrode-type MPS can convert pure CO₂ gas into plasma. The CO₂ splitting by the CO₂ plasma is investigated in terms of the pure CO₂ flow rate into the rod-electrode-type MPS and the average transmission power to the rod-electrode-type MPS. In the investigations, the emission spectrum of the CO₂ plasma is measured using a spectrometer to observe the dissociation reaction of the CO₂ gas, and the exhaust gas after the CO₂ plasma generation is analyzed using a mass spectrometer to evaluate the CO₂ conversion. As a result, the CO₂ conversion decreases with an increase in either the average transmission power to the rod-electrode-type MPS or the CO2 flow rate into the rod-electrode-type MPS. Under the experimental conditions, the highest CO₂ conversion and energy efficiency are 6.3% and 3.7% at a specific energy input of 4.9 eV/molecule (equivalent to approximately 19.6 kJ/L), respectively.

In this paper, the design of a mechanically tunable band-pass filter in waveguide technology operating in the C-band tunability range [4.4-5] GHz, for satellite communications (SATCOM), is presented. The resonance frequency tunability has been obtained by mechanically inserting movable dielectric cylinders within the waveguide filter. The impedance matching has been achieved by using two movable dielectric ridges, working as quarter-wave transformers. They have been placed at input and output filter ports and can move jointly with the dielectric tuning elements. Filter design has been carried out by adopting a suitable theoretical model, whereas the optimization has been achieved by numerical simulations. The proposed design approach provides key advantages in terms of simplicity, design effectiveness and reproducibility, rendering it particularly suitable for industrial applications. A prototype of high-selectivity tunable filter has been fabricated and characterized within the whole tunability range. The measurements show excellent agreement with simulated results.

Plasmonic designs for mid-infrared extraordinary optical transmission (EOT), a direct route to tailored filtering with broadband out-of-band rejection, have long been constrained by a fundamental trade-off between high transmission efficiency and narrow linewidths, a challenge rooted in the material properties of noble metals. Here, we theoretically propose and numerically demonstrate a versatile design paradigm that resolves this challenge by functionally decoupling the tasks of light coupling and resonant filtering. Our approach uses a dual-stacked noble metal-dielectric grating architecture to surpass the intrinsic limitations of single-layer structures. This paradigm provides the flexibility to engineer devices for ultra-high spectral selectivity and transmission efficiency. We demonstrate this with distinct designs: one at 10 μm with a quality factor (Q-factor) >2000 and >91% transmission; a high-Q design at 4 μm and >80% transmission; and a high-efficiency design at 4 μm with >92% transmission over a uniquely broad spectral-angular range. These generic designs produce solitary, narrow EOT peaks originating from a ``triple-coupling'' mechanism that mitigates reflection and absorption losses, with symmetry-broken configurations capable of exceeding Q-factors of 16,000 while maintaining a peak transmission efficiency > 60%. Crucially, these compact two-layer designs exhibit exceptional robustness against fabrication variations, offering a broadly applicable route to ultra-compact, low-cost infrared components, enabling advanced architectures such as angular sensing, spectro-polarimetric imaging, and isotope-resolved gas diagnostics.

This work introduces a small cycle-shaped antenna for multiband applications. The design combines three main ideas, concentric circular rings on the patch, spoke-like arms to excite higher frequencies, and a hexagonal slot in the ground to extend bandwidth. The antenna is built on a 40 × 42 × 1.6 mm³ FR-4 substrate and works across three frequency bands within 3.04-3.62 GHz and 5.07-8.08 GHz, suitable for sub-6 GHz, ISM, WLAN applications. The structure is easy to tune, and increasing rings and the length of the spokes shifts the resonance to lower frequencies. Smaller gaps between rings may increase coupling and bandwidth. A bigger hexagonal slot etched on the ground widens the range but may slightly shift the frequency. With these features, the antenna achieves strong resonances and good return loss at 3.31, 5.75, and 7.58 GHz, achieving S₁₁ of -19.4 dB, -34.9 dB, -21.4 dB showing that it can support wireless applications.

To address the issues of step loss, control lag, and low precision in open-loop hybrid stepper motors applied in economical CNC machine tools, a deadbeat predictive current field oriented control method (DPCFOC) is proposed. First, the research progress of hybrid stepper motor vector control is systematically reviewed, analyzing the advantages and limitations of existing schemes in error compensation, model construction, and algorithm implementation. Subsequently, the continuous mathematical model of the hybrid stepper motor in the rotating coordinate system is established, and the discrete deadbeat predictive model and current prediction equation are derived using the first-order forward Euler method. On this basis, a deadbeat vector control algorithm is proposed. Compared with the traditional dual-closed-loop vector control with PI regulators, the algorithm predicts the next-step current through the motor model and calculates the optimal reference voltage vector in advance to eliminate current error, thereby improving dynamic response speed. Stability analysis via Z-transformation reveals that the system remains stable when the model inductance parameter is within 0-2 times the actual inductance. For the two-phase hybrid stepper motor, a space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) strategy based on a dual H-bridge inverter is designed, using 4 non-zero vectors and 2 zero vectors to synthesize the desired voltage vector. Finally, an experimental platform is built with a TMS320F28335 controller and a 57CME22A closed-loop stepper motor to verify the algorithm. This study provides a feasible solution for improving the control precision and dynamic performance of hybrid stepper motors in economical CNC machine tools.

Rare-earth permanent magnet motors are widely used in industrial and civil applications due to their advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, simple structure, etc. However, its development is hindered by escalating raw material costs. The current research focuses on developing high-performance and cost-effective permanent magnet motors with less rare earth. To reduce the large cogging torque of the integer slot 4-pole 36-slot less rare earth combined magnetic poles permanent magnetic synchronous motor (LREH-PMSM), a fractional slot 4-pole 30-slot LREH-PMSM is proposed and optimized. The motor and its parameters are designed, simulated, and analyzed by the finite element method. The effects of these parameters are analyzed on motor torque, torque ripple, efficiency, and material cost. The fractional slot 4-pole 30-slot LREH-PMSM can effectively reduce the cogging torque compared with the integer slot 4-pole 36-slot LREH-PMSM, and its value decreased by 88.28%. Compared with traditional rare-earth permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), it not only has small cogging torque, but also lowers the reliance on rare-earth permanent magnet materials, which in turn lowers the material cost of the motor.

This paper presents a passive UHF RFID dipole antenna designed for object identification in supply chain applications. The antenna features a simple structure measuring 75 × 28 × 1.6 mm³ (2.17 × 0.81 × 0.046λ₀), with a copper radiating element printed on Taconic RF-35A2 substrate. It is matched to a Monza R6 chip with an impedance of 13 - j125 Ω at 868 MHz through a T-matching circuit. The prototype was tested on various complex surfaces, including plastic bottles, foam, cardboard, plastic boxes, and wood. Its performance evaluation involved measuring the reading distances in these environments. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate effective impedance matching between the antenna and chip. The read distances vary with the surface type, with the maximum distance reaching up to 14 meters on a plastic bottle within the European UHF RFID band ((865.5-869.5) MHz) and the shortest distance around 6 meters on wood. Overall, the tag exhibits strong adaptability to different surfaces. Simulations were conducted using CST Studio microwave software.

In this study, we describe a compact two-port MIMO dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) system made from biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) using additive manufacturing techniques. Performance goals were achieved through a systematic performance study on the pin height, pin position, cavity width, and cavity length. The simulated results showed a wide range of bandwidth from 5.0 to 7.4 GHz with return loss (|S₁₁|) lower than -10 dB corresponding to a fractional bandwidth of approximately 36.8%. Excellent port isolation is achieved with |S₂₁| < -20 dB consistent across the entire band. The antenna provides more than 10 dBi gain with a high directivity making it useful for high-performance wireless applications. Furthermore, diversity MIMO performance confirms exceptional diversity performance with the Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) remaining below 0.015 and ideal Diversity Gain (DG) of 10 dB. Another important feature is the electronic beam steering capability of this antenna, enabled by adjusting the phase difference between the two ports. With excitation phase shifts of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, the antenna's main beam can be steered between broadside and unidirectional directions, providing flexible spatial coverage through dynamic phase control, rather than switching among fundamentally different radiation patterns. The employment of environmentally friendly PLA materials paired with 3D printing technology fosters sustainable practices for antenna development while simultaneously permitting inexpensive prototype creation and swift adaptability in the design changes. This MIMO DRA system can be extensively employed in C-band applications like the 5G communication systems, satellite downlink services, radar systems, and high-speed wireless data links where it is crucial to have wide bandwidth, high isolation, and compact size.

In this paper, for millimeter wave (mmWave) vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is introduced for assisted beam tracking in order to overcome the problem that the line-of-sight (LOS) transmission characteristics of mmWave are highly susceptible to communication disconnection caused by large vehicles or obstacles in a highly mobile scenario like Internet of Vehicles (IoV). In this paper, we study the case of switching to the RIS-assisted virtual-line-of-sight (VLOS) path for temporary beam tracking when the direct connection LOS path is disconnected. The cascading channel model for the VLOS path used for tracking after the introduction of RIS is investigated. Combining the new state model of position and velocity, a three-dimensional beam tracking model of the VLOS path is derived based on the extended Kalman filter algorithm. The beam tracking process is designed, and the beam tracking performance is analyzed for different cases under this scheme. Simulation results show that the scheme in this paper has lower tracking error than the scheme of the conventional state model, and the introduction of RIS can overcome the problem that mmWave IoV communication is vulnerable to occlusion.

The environment is crucial to maintaining a healthy lifestyle and ensuring the continued existence of life on Earth. Nonetheless, throughout the past several years, environmental pollution has increased significantly due to the rapid growth of the global population and technological advancement. Consequently, numerous new sensors and techniques have been developed to effectively detect different types of environmental pollutants. Among all the various methods proposed for environmental monitoring, photonic crystal (PhC) devices have demonstrated great potential in sensing applications due to their high sensitivity to refractive index change, visual detectability, room-temperature operability, and easy portability. Recently, integrated mid-infrared (mid-IR) photonics have gained considerable attention because most gases exhibit a characteristic absorption peak in the mid-IR range. As a result, Mid-IR photonic crystals offer enormous potential for novel applications in optical interconnects and sensing. In this work, we propose a novel highly-sensitive mid-infrared photonic crystal-based slotted-waveguide coupled-cavity sensor to behave as a refractive index sensing device at a mid-infrared wavelength of 3.9 µm. The proposed sensor is simulated using Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) method and Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) algorithm. The high performance and simple design of the proposed sensor make it a promising candidate for environmental monitoring applications.

Complex beams hold significant value in radar and communication systems due to their distinctive propagation characteristics. Digital metasurfaces, which can dynamically control electromagnetic (EM) waves, play an important role in realizing complex beams. Conventional analytic and optimization methods face challenges in synthesizing complex beams of low-bit digital metasurfaces due to the quantization error and the high computational complexity. Here, we propose a statistical method to realize complex beams with phase-only digital metasurfaces. To this end, we introduce tailored quantization probabilities to design the discrete random phase distributions, which approximate the continuous excitation coefficients derived from analytic methods. Based on the proposed method, we analyze the error between the realized and target patterns. These findings offer critical insights into the accuracy of random quantization. Complex patterns with cosecant, prescribed null, flat-top, and dual-beam are designed and validated in combination with a 2-bit phase coding digital metasurface. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. This work pioneers the application of random phase approximation and statistical synthesis in digital metasurfaces, providing a fast and efficient route for realizing complex beams in modern radar and wireless communication technologies.

This paper proposes a single-layer, low-profile, and compact filtering patch antenna. The antenna requires no additional filtering structures and consists only of a dielectric substrate, a radiating patch etched with both star-shaped slots and L-shaped slots, a feeder line integrated with a quarter-wavelength matching stripline, and a partial ground plane connected to inverted-π branches. Among these components, the radiating patch, feeder line, and inverted-π branches work synergistically to form two radiation nulls on either side of the passband. This not only enhances the frequency selectivity at the band edges but also optimizes the antenna's radiation performance and filtering performance simultaneously. Finally, to verify the validity of the design, a prototype of the antenna is designed, fabricated, and tested, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The design achieves a wide impedance bandwidth of 66.5% (2.33-4.65 GHz), a peak realized gain of 4.25 dBi, and an average efficiency of up to 92%. With a size of 35 mm × 29 mm × 0.8 mm, the antenna satisfies the miniaturization requirement and can be applied to various scenarios, including short-range wireless communication and 5G communication.