volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This work introduces a small cycle-shaped antenna for multiband applications. The design combines three main ideas, concentric circular rings on the patch, spoke-like arms to excite higher frequencies, and a hexagonal slot in the ground to extend bandwidth. The antenna is built on a 40 × 42 × 1.6 mm³ FR-4 substrate and works across three frequency bands within 3.04-3.62 GHz and 5.07-8.08 GHz, suitable for sub-6 GHz, ISM, WLAN applications. The structure is easy to tune, and increasing rings and the length of the spokes shifts the resonance to lower frequencies. Smaller gaps between rings may increase coupling and bandwidth. A bigger hexagonal slot etched on the ground widens the range but may slightly shift the frequency. With these features, the antenna achieves strong resonances and good return loss at 3.31, 5.75, and 7.58 GHz, achieving S₁₁ of -19.4 dB, -34.9 dB, -21.4 dB showing that it can support wireless applications.

1. Ansere, James Adu, Guangjie Han, Li Liu, Yan Peng, and Mohsin Kamal, "Optimal resource allocation in energy-efficient Internet-of-Things networks with imperfect CSI," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 7, No. 6, 5401-5411, 2020.
doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2979169 Google Scholar

2. Prashanth, Karanam, B. Umamaheswari, G. Akhil, and G. V. krishna, "A compact antenna with WiMAX and WLAN bands notched for UWB applications," International Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, 489-493, 2018.
doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10869 Google Scholar

3. Chandan "Truncated ground plane multiband monopole antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications," IETE Journal of Research, Vol. 68, No. 4, 2416-2421, 2022.
doi:10.1080/03772063.2019.1709568 Google Scholar

4. Altaf, Amir and Munkyo Seo, "Dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1137, 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20041137 Google Scholar

5. Ali, Wael A. E., Mohamed I. Ashraf, and Mohammad A. Salamin, "A dual-mode double-sided 4 × 4 MIMO slot antenna with distinct isolation for WLAN/WiMAX applications," Microsystem Technologies, Vol. 27, No. 3, 967-983, 2021.
doi:10.1007/s00542-020-04984-6 Google Scholar

6. Mobashsher, Ahmed Toaha, Konstanty S. Bialkowski, and Amin M. Abbosh, "Design of compact cross-fed three-dimensional slot-loaded antenna and its application in wideband head imaging system," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 15, 1856-1860, 2016.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2016.2539970 Google Scholar

7. Salleh, Azahari, Ching Chiou Yang, Mandeep Singh Jit Singh, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam, "Development of antipodal vivaldi antenna for microwave brain stroke imaging system," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 162-168, 2019.
doi:10.14419/ijet.v8i3.19933 Google Scholar

8. Zebiri, Chemseddine, Djamel Sayad, Issa Elfergani, Amjad Iqbal, Widad F. A. Mshwat, Jamal Kosha, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Raed Abd-Alhameed, "A compact semi-circular and arc-shaped slot antenna for heterogeneous RF front-ends," Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 10, 1123, 2019.
doi:10.3390/electronics8101123 Google Scholar

9. Jha, Pankaj, Shailendra Singh, and Ram Lal Yadava, "Wideband sub-6 GHz micro-strip antenna: Design and fabrication," Advances in Smart Communication and Imaging Systems, Vol. 721, 109-115, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Springer, Singapore, 2021.
doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9938-5_12

10. Nasimuddin, Microstrip Antennas, InTechOpen, London, U.K., 2011.

11. Nasimuddin, Zhi Ning Chen, and Xianming Qing, "Slotted microstrip antennas for circular polarization with compact size," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, No. 2, 124-137, 2013.
doi:10.1109/map.2013.6529322 Google Scholar

12. Nasimuddin, X. Qing, and Z. N. Chen, "Compact circularly polarized symmetric-slit microstrip antennas," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 53, No. 4, 63-75, 2011.
doi:10.1109/map.2011.6097287 Google Scholar

13. Nasimuddin, Zhi Ning Chen, and Xianming Qing, "Asymmetric-circular shaped slotted microstrip antennas for circular polarization and RFID applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 12, 3821-3828, 2010.
doi:10.1109/tap.2010.2078476 Google Scholar

14. Shanmuganantham, T. and S. Raghavan, "Design of a compact broadband microstrip patch antenna with probe feeding for wireless applications," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 63, No. 8, 653-659, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2008.05.009 Google Scholar

15. Nasimuddin and Z. N. Chen, "Aperture-coupled asymmetrical C-shaped slot microstrip antenna for circular polarisation," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 3, No. 3, 372-378, 2009.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2008.0126 Google Scholar

16. Reddy, V. V. and N. V. S. N. Sarma, "Compact circularly polarized asymmetrical fractal boundary microstrip antenna for wireless applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 118-121, 2014.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2296951 Google Scholar

17. Li, Jianxing, Jianying Guo, Anxue Zhang, William Joines, and Qing Huo Liu, "Miniaturized single-feed cross-aperture coupled circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 63, 183-191, 2016.
doi:10.2528/pierc16031301 Google Scholar

18. Geng, Lin, Guang-Ming Wang, Chen-Xin Zhang, Xiang-Jun Gao, and Bin-Feng Zong, "Compact circularly polarized patch antenna using a composite right/left-handed transmission line unit-cell," Radioengineering, Vol. 22, No. 1, 286-290, 2013. Google Scholar

19. Meena, Madan Lal and Asheesh Gupta, "Design analysis of a semi-circular floral shaped directional UWB antenna integrated with wireless multiband applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 90, 155-167, 2019.
doi:10.2528/pierc18110301 Google Scholar

20. Islam, M. T., Mengu Cho, M. Samsuzzaman, and S. Kibria, "Compact antenna for small satellite applications [Antenna Applications Corner]," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 2, 30-36, 2015.
doi:10.1109/map.2015.2420471 Google Scholar

21. Saha, Tonmoy K., Carlene Goodbody, Tutku Karacolak, and Praveen K. Sekhar, "A compact monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 61, No. 1, 182-186, 2019.
doi:10.1002/mop.31519 Google Scholar

22. Kaushal, Deepanshu, T. Shanmuganantham, and K. Sajith, "Dual band characteristics in a microstrip rectangular patch antenna using novel slotting technique," 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), 957-960, Kerala, India, 2017.
doi:10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342695

23. Al-Dulaimi, Zainab, Taha A. Elwi, and Dogu Cagdas Atilla, "Design of a meander line monopole antenna array based Hilbert-shaped reject band structure for MIMO applications," IETE Journal of Research, Vol. 68, No. 4, 2353-2362, 2022.
doi:10.1080/03772063.2020.1743207 Google Scholar

24. Elwi, Taha A., "Remotely controlled reconfigurable antenna for modern 5G networks applications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 63, No. 8, 2018-2023, 2021.
doi:10.1002/mop.32505 Google Scholar

25. Gautam, Anil K., Aditi Bisht, and Binod Kr Kanaujia, "A wideband antenna with defected ground plane for WLAN/WiMAX applications," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 70, No. 3, 354-358, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2015.12.013 Google Scholar

26. Elwi, Taha A., Zaid Asaad Abdul Hassain, and Omar Almukhtar Tawfeeq, "Hilbert metamaterial printed antenna based on organic substrates for energy harvesting," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 13, No. 12, 2185-2192, 2019.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2018.5948 Google Scholar

27. Krishnan, Thiyagarajan, Sankar Sennan, Vinayakumar Ravi, and Dwarakacharla Harshavardhan reddy, "A dual-band circular patch antenna using hexagon-shaped slots," International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 35, No. 9, e5125, 2022.
doi:10.1002/dac.5125 Google Scholar

28. Erdem, H. Emre and V. Cagri Gungor, "Analyzing lifetime of energy harvesting underwater wireless sensor nodes," International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 33, No. 3, e4214, 2020.
doi:10.1002/dac.4214 Google Scholar

29. Al Naiemy, Yahiea, Taha A. Elwi, and Lajos Nagy, "An end fire printed monopole antenna based on electromagnetic band gap structure," Automatika, Vol. 61, No. 3, 482-495, 2020.
doi:10.1080/00051144.2020.1785783 Google Scholar

30. Basir, Shahid, Ubaid Ur Rahman Qureshi, Fazal Subhan, Muhammad Asghar Khan, Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, Khmaies Ouahada, Habib Hamam, and Fazal Noor, "A novel monopole ultra-wide-band multiple-input multiple-output antenna with triple-notched characteristics for enhanced wireless communication and portable systems," Sensors, Vol. 23, No. 15, 6985, 2023.
doi:10.3390/s23156985 Google Scholar

31. Lin, Chang-Keng, Ding-Bing Lin, Han-Chang Lin, and Chang-Ching Lin, "Design of a compact multiband monopole antenna with MIMO mutual coupling reduction," Sensors, Vol. 24, No. 17, 5495, 2024.
doi:10.3390/s24175495 Google Scholar

32. Lu, Ping, Zhiwei Liu, Enpu Lei, Kama Huang, and Chaoyun Song, "Superdirective wideband array of circular monopoles with loaded patches for wireless communications," Sensors, Vol. 23, No. 18, 7851, 2023.
doi:10.3390/s23187851 Google Scholar

Dr. Chennoju Jaya Prakash

Dr. Vasudha Vijayasri Bolisetty

Mr. Bhupathi Ajay Kumar

Dr. Udara Yedukondalu

Dr. Bokkisam Venkata Sai Sailaja