volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna that covers the band from 3.2 to 5.7 GHz to support 5G New Radio (NR) sub-6 GHz with high gain and efficiency is designed and implemented. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to get the dimensions of the antenna and slots. The optimization goals are to reach the smallest dimensions of the antenna in the required bandwidth keeping scattering parameter at port 1 |S₁₁| below -10 dB, a gain of 4 dBi or higher, and efficiency more than 90%, respectively. The resonance frequency of a microstrip patch is 4.45 GHz. PSO using the computer simulation tool (CST) software is used to design an antenna with desired frequency response and radiation characteristics for 5G New Radio (NR) sub-6 GHz. The antenna is designed over an FR-4 substrate with a noticeable reduction in cost, simplicity in design, and a small overall size of 23×15 mm². The antenna is with the partial ground. The antenna has two parallel stubs and EL slots; the lengths of these slots control the desired bandwidth. A high agreement between the simulated and measured results is noticed.

1. Fang, D.-G., Antenna Theory and Microstrip Antennas, CRC Press, 2017.
doi:10.1201/b10302

2. Jackson, D., "Phased array antenna handbook [book review]," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 60, No. 6, 124-128, 2018.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2018.2870997 Google Scholar

3. Pandey, A. K., Practical Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design, Artech House, 2019.

4. Lau, H., Practical Antenna Design for Wireless Products, Artech House, 2019.

5. Elfergani, I., A.-B. Sadiq, H. J. Rodriguez, and R. Abd-Alhameed, Antenna Fundamentals for Legacy Mobile Applications and Beyond, Springer International Publishing, 2018.
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63967-3

6. Mailloux, R. J., Phased Array Antenna Handbook, Artech House, 2017.

7. Malik, P. K., S. Padmanaban, J. B. Holm-Nielsen, and eds., Microstrip Antenna Design for Wireless Applications, CRC Press, 2021.
doi:10.1201/9781003093558

8. Ali, E. B., S. S. Kishk, and E. H. Abdelhay, "Multidimensional auction for task allocation using computation offloading in fifth-generation networks," Future Generation Computer Systems (FGCS), Vol. 108, 717-725, Jul. 2020. Google Scholar

9. Gireesha Obaiahnahatti, B., "A literature survey on artificial swarm intelligence-based optimization techniques," International Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4.5, 455-458, 2018.
doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20205 Google Scholar

10. Gireesha Obaiahnahatti, B., "A comparative performance evaluation of swarm intelligence techniques," Journal of Computational Information Systems, Vol. 14, No. 4, 14-20, 2018. Google Scholar

11. Gireesha, B. and L. Ali, "MATLAB/simulink based design and simulation of square patch microstrip antenna," Journal of Computational Information Systems, Vol. 15, No. 1, 143-149, 2019. Google Scholar

12. Jin, N. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Advances in particle swarm optimization for antenna designs: Real-number, binary, single-objective and multi objective implementations," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 55, No. 3, 556-567, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.891552 Google Scholar

13. Fernaindez Pantoja, M., A. Rubio Bretones, F. Garcia Ruiz, S. G. Garcia, and R. Gomez Martin, "Particle-swarm optimization in antenna design: Optimization of log-periodic dipole arrays," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 4, 34-47, 2007.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2007.4385594 Google Scholar

14. Bayraktar, Z., P. L. Werner, and D. H. Werner, "The design of miniature three-element stochastic Yagi-Uda arrays in particle swarm optimization," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 5, 22-26, 2006.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2005.863618 Google Scholar

15. Tripath, P. K., S. Bandyopadhyay, and S. K. Pal, "Adaptive multi objective particle swarm optimization algorithm," IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2281-2288, 2007. Google Scholar

16. Merad, L., F. T. Bendimerad, M. S. Mohammed, and S. A. Djennas, "Neural networks for synthesis and optimization of antenna arrays," Radioengineering-Prague, Vol. 16, No. 1, Apr. 2007. Google Scholar

17. Megahed, A. A., M. Abdelazim, E. H. Abdelhay, and H. Y. M. Soliman, "Sub-6 GHz highly isolated wideband MIMO antenna arrays," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 19875-19889, Feb. 2022, ISSN: 21693536.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3150278 Google Scholar

18. Huang, H., Y. Liu, and S. Gong, "A dual-patch polarization rotation reflective surface and its application to ultra-wideband RCS reduction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1111-1114, 2017. Google Scholar

19. Abdullah, H. H., A. A. Megahed, and M.-E. A. Abo-Elsoud, "Low capacity wide-band mobile base station antenna," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 13, No. 9, 1345-1349, 2019.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2018.5685 Google Scholar

20. Lamsalli, M., A. El Hamichi, and M. Boussouis, "Genetic algorithm optimization for microstrip patch antenna miniaturization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 60, 113-120, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIERL16041907 Google Scholar

21. Gireesha Obaiahnahatti, B. and L. Ali, "MATLAB/simulink and CST software-based efficiency improved square patch microstrip antenna with PSO algorithm," Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 6, 420-428, 2019. Google Scholar

22. El-Gendy, M. S., H. H. Abdullah, and E. A. Abdallah, "Mobile base station dual band microstrip antenna," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Symp. (AP-S), 1839-1840, Memphis, TN, USA, Jul. 2014. Google Scholar

23. Elsherbini, A., J. Wu, and K. Sarabandi, "Dual polarized wideband directional coupled sectorial loop antennas for radar and mobile base-station applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 4, 1505-1513, Apr. 2015.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2392773 Google Scholar

24. Kaur, P., "Design of compact and broad-bandwidth rectangular patch antenna using cylindrical rods artificial dielectric," International Journal of Information Technology, 1-10, 2021. Google Scholar

25. Verma, R. K. and D. K. Srivastava, "Optimization and parametric analysis of slotted microstrip antenna using particle swarm optimization and curve fitting," International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, Vol. 49, No. 7, 1868-1883, 2021.
doi:10.1002/cta.2957 Google Scholar

26. Kulkarni, J., A. Desai, and C.-Y. D. Sim, "Wideband four-port MIMO antenna array with high isolation for future wireless systems," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 128, 2021. Google Scholar

27. Kennedy, J. and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, 1942-1948, 1995.
doi:10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968 Google Scholar

28. Orazio, L. D., "Study and development of novel techniques for PHY layer optimization of smart terminals in the context of next generation mobile communications,", University of Trento, Trento, Italy, 2008. Google Scholar

29. Liangfang, N. and D. Sidan, "Evolutionary particle swarm algorithm based on higher-order cumulant fitting for blind channel identification," Proceedings of the Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Oct. 2008. Google Scholar

30. Qiang, W., J. Zhang, and Y. Jing, "Identification of nonlinear communication channel using an novel particle swarm optimization technique," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, 1162-1165, Dec. 2008. Google Scholar

31. Shami, T. M., A. A. El-Saleh, M. Alswaitti, Q. AL-Tashi, M. A. Summakieh, and S. Mirjalili, "Particle swarm optimization: A comprehensive survey," IEEE Access on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 10, 10031-10061, 2022. Google Scholar

32. Song, C., L. Pan, Y. Jiao, and J. Jia, "A high-performance transmit array antenna with thin metasurface for 5G communication based on PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)," Sensors, Vol. 20, 1-15, 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20071969 Google Scholar

33. Kang, M. S., Y. J. Won, B. G. Lim, and K. T. Kim, "Efficient synthesis of antenna pattern using improved PSO for space borne SAR performance and imaging in presence of element failure," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 18, 6576-6587, 2018.
doi:10.1109/JSEN.2018.2850920 Google Scholar

34. Verm, S. and J. A. Ansari, "Analysis of U-slot loaded truncated corner rectangular microstrip patch antenna for broadband operation," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 69, No. 10, 1483-1488, 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2015.07.002 Google Scholar

Dr. Heba Y. M. Soliman

Dr. Amany A. Megahed

Dr. Mohamed Abdelazim

Dr. Ehab H. Abdelhay