volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A gradient-indexed core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed to realize sub-wavelength field confinement in the terahertz (THz) regime. It is verified that the gradient index (GRIN) profile PCF confirms superior field localization compared to the standard PCF. The in-plane quality factor of the GRIN PCF is evaluated as 2.2849 × 10⁹ which is 10 times greater than the conventional case. Moreover, the power fraction is found to be 84.04% and 99.69% along with the confinement loss of 0.31 dB/cm and 0.341 × 10^-7 dB/cm for the standard and GRIN type PCF at 0.2 THz. It is significant that the designed PCF also produces radial and azimuthal polarizations with enhanced field propagation due to the implicated triangular GRIN profile. The proposed GRIN PCF is useful for sub-THz communication, sensing and imaging applications.

1. Aly, Arafa H. and Fatma A. Sayed, "THz cutoff frequency and multifunction TiBaCaCuO/GaAs photonic bandgap materials," International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 34, No. 10, 2050091, 2020.

2. Cordier, Martin, Adeline Orieux, Renaud Gabet, T. Harlé, Nicolas Dubreuil, Eleni Diamanti, Philippe Delaye, and Isabelle Zaquine, "Raman-tailored photonic crystal fiber for telecom band photon-pair generation," Optics Letters, Vol. 42, No. 13, 2583-2586, 2017.

3. Ravi, Aakash, Matthias Beck, David F. Phillips, Albrecht Bartels, Dimitar Sasselov, Andrew Szentgyorgyi, and Ronald L. Walsworth, "Visible-spanning flat supercontinuum for astronomical applications," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 36, No. 22, 5309-5315, 2018.

4. Xie, Shangran, Abhinav Sharma, Richard Zeltner, and Philip Russell, "On-the-fly particle metrology in hollow-core photonic crystal fiber," Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, S4G-2, Beijing, China, 2020.

5. Eravuchira, Pinkie J., Martina Banchelli, Cristiano D’Andrea, Marella De Angelis, Paolo Matteini, and Israel Gannot, "Hollow core photonic crystal fiber-assisted Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers," Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 25, No. 7, 077001-077001, 2020.

6. Soltanian, Mohammad Reza K., Iraj Sadegh Amiri, S. Ehsan Alavi, and Harith Ahmad, "Dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser to generate terahertz radiation using photonic crystal fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 33, No. 24, 5038-5046, 2015.

7. Zhang, Lei, Sigang Yang, Xiaojian Wang, Doudou Gou, Wei Chen, Wenyong Luo, Hongwei Chen, Minghua Chen, and Shizhong Xie, "Photonic crystal fiber based wavelength-tunable optical parametric amplifier and picosecond pulse generation," IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 5, 1-8, 2014.

8. Amiri, Iraj S., Bikash Kumar Paul, Kawsar Ahmed, Arafa H. Aly, Rozalina Zakaria, Preecha Yupapin, and Dhasarathan Vigneswaran, "Tri-core photonic crystal fiber based refractive index dual sensor for salinity and temperature detection," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 61, No. 3, 847-852, 2019.

9. Yasli, Ahmet, Huseyin Ademgil, Shyqyri Haxha, and Amar Aggoun, "Multi-channel photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance sensor for multi-analyte sensing," IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-15, 2020.

10. Paul, Bikash Kumar, Kawsar Ahmed, Vigneswaran Dhasarathan, Fahad Ahmad Al-Zahrani, Mst. Nargis Aktar, Muhammad Shahin Uddin, and Arafa H. Aly, "Investigation of gas sensor based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy using photonic crystal fiber," Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 59, No. 6, 5045-5052, 2020.

11. Rani, K. Renuka, K. Ravichandran, and N. Yogesh, "Group velocity dispersion in terahertz hollow-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber," 2019 Workshop on Recent Advances in Photonics (WRAP), 1-3, Guwahati, India, 2019.

12. Rani, K. Renuka and K. Chitra, "Design and analysis of low loss solid-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber for applications in terahertz regime," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 2426, No. 1, 012019, 2023.

13. Malek, C., A. H. Aly, Sagr Alamri, and W. Sabra, "Tunable PBGs with a cutoff frequency feature in Fibonacci quasi-periodic designs containing a superconductor material at THz region," Physica Scripta, Vol. 96, No. 10, 105501, 2021.

14. Yogesh, Natesan and Venkatachalam Subramanian, "Spatial beam compression and effective beam injection using triangular gradient index profile photonic crystals," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 129, 51-67, 2012.

15. Shi, Peng, Kun Huang, and Yong-Ping Li, "Subwavelength imaging by a graded-index photonic-crystal flat lens in a honeycomb lattice," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 28, No. 10, 2171-2175, 2011.

16. Turduev, M., I. H. Giden, and H. Kurt, "Design of flat lens-like graded index medium by photonic crystals: Exploring both low and high frequency regimes," Optics Communications, Vol. 339, 22-33, 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2014.11.048

17. Kurt, Hamza and D. S. Citrin, "A novel optical coupler design with graded-index photonic crystals," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 19, No. 19, 1532-1534, 2007.

18. Oner, B. B., Mirbek Turduev, I. H. Giden, and Hamza Kurt, "Efficient mode converter design using asymmetric graded index photonic structures," Optics Letters, Vol. 38, No. 2, 220-222, 2013.

19. Dash, Diptimayee and Jasmine Saini, "Sensitivity analysis of step index and graded index one dimensional cavity-based cholesterol sensor," Optical and Quantum Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 4, 349, 2023.

20. Wang, Hung-Wen and Lien-Wen Chen, "High transmission efficiency of arbitrary waveguide bends formed by graded index photonic crystals," Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 28, No. 9, 2098-2104, 2011.

21. Wakabayashi, Mizuki, Hirohisa Yokota, and Yoh Imai, "Optical coupling characteristics of graded-index type photonic crystal fiber collimator depending on air hole diameter ratio to pitch," Optical Review, Vol. 26, No. 6, 590-596, 2019.

22. Yadav, Sandeep, Ajeet Kumar, Than Singh Saini, and Ravindra Kumar Sinha, "SBS based slow-light generation in rectangular lattice graded-index photonic crystal fiber: Design and analysis," Optik, Vol. 132, 164-170, 2017.

23. Chaitanya, A. G. N., Than Singh Saini, Ajeet Kumar, and Ravindra Kumar Sinha, "Ultra broadband mid-IR supercontinuum generation in GeAsSe based chalcogenide graded-index photonic crystal fiber: Design and analysis," Applied Optics, Vol. 55, No. 36, 10138-10145, 2016.

24. Zhang, Xiaohao, Qichang Ma, Weitao He, Weiyi Hong, and Zhenzhou Deng, "Graded ring-core photonic crystal fiber for the transmission of OAM modes with high mode purity and quality in C + L bands," Optics Communications, Vol. 520, 128486, 2022.

25. Higuchi, Keiichi, Hirohisa Yokota, Kazuki Yoneya, and Yoh Imai, "Connection loss reduction in variable optical delay line by using graded-index type photonic crystal fiber," IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 5, 742-747, 2018.

26. Cluzel, Benoit, Davy Gérard, Emmanuel Picard, Thomas Charvolin, Frederique De Fornel, and Emmanuel Hadji, "Subwavelength imaging of field confinement in a waveguide-integrated photonic crystal cavity," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 98, No. 8, 086109, 2005.

27. Louvion, Nicolas, Adel Rahmani, Christian Seassal, Ségolène Callard, Davy Gérard, and Frédérique De Fornel, "Near-field observation of subwavelength confinement of photoluminescence by a photonic crystal microcavity," Optics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 14, 2160-2162, 2006.

28. Zheltikov, Aleksei Mikhailovich, "Subwavelength confinement of electromagnetic field by guided modes of dielectric micro-and nanowaveguides," JETP Letters, Vol. 91, 378-381, 2010.

29. Vignolini, Silvia, Francesca Intonti, Francesco Riboli, Margherita Zani, Anna Vinattieri, Diederik S. Wiersma, Marcello Colocci, Laurent Balet, Lianhe Li, Marco Francardi, Annamaria Gerardino, Andrea Fiore, and Massimo Gurioli, "Sub-wavelength probing and modification of photonic crystal nano-cavities," Photonics and Nanostructures --- Fundamentals and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 2, 78-85, 2010.

30. Hu, Shuren, Marwan Khater, Rafael Salas-Montiel, Ernst Kratschmer, Sebastian Engelmann, William M. J. Green, and Sharon M. Weiss, "Experimental realization of deep-subwavelength confinement in dielectric optical resonators," Science Advances, Vol. 4, No. 8, eaat2355, 2018.

31. Yu, Xiongbin, Jae-Young Kim, Masayuki Fujita, and Tadao Nagatsuma, "Efficient mode converter to deep-subwavelength region with photonic-crystal waveguide platform for terahertz applications," Optics Express, Vol. 27, No. 20, 28707-28721, 2019.

32. Kong, Weijing, Yu Sun, Rui Meng, and Xiaochang Ni, "Low-loss light guiding at the subwavelength scale in a nanowire-loaded hybrid bloch-surface-polariton waveguide," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 191795-191802, 2020.

33. Arnold, Kellen P., Sami I. Halimi, Joshua A. Allen, Shuren Hu, and Sharon M. Weiss, "Photonic crystals with split ring unit cells for subwavelength light confinement," Optics Letters, Vol. 47, No. 3, 661-664, 2022.

34. Qin, Yimian, Cunbao Ma, Yu Lian, Lihao Huang, Yufeng Yuan, Minggong Sha, Xinli Ye, and Kai Zheng, "Mid-infrared deep subwavelength confinement in graphene plasmonic waveguides," Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 144, 111046, 2024.

35. Oulton, Rupert F., Volker J. Sorger, D. A. Genov, D. F. P. Pile, and X. Zhang, "A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation," Nature Photonics, Vol. 2, No. 8, 496-500, 2008.

36. Kabir, Md. Anowar, Md. Mehedi Hassan, Kawsar Ahmed, M. S. Mani Rajan, Arafa H. Aly, Md. Nadim Hossain, and Bikash Kumar Paul, "Novel spider web photonic crystal fiber for robust mode transmission applications with supporting orbital angular momentum transmission property," Optical and Quantum Electronics, Vol. 52, 1-17, 2020.

37. Ung, Bora, P. Vaity, L. Wang, Y. Messaddeq, L. A. Rusch, and S. LaRochelle, "Few-mode fiber with inverse-parabolic graded-index profile for transmission of OAM-carrying modes," Optics Express, Vol. 22, No. 15, 18044-18055, 2014.

38. Nandam, Ashok and Woojin Shin, "Spiral photonic crystal fiber structure for supporting orbital angular momentum modes," Optik, Vol. 169, 361-367, 2018.

39. Sharma, Manish, Prabin Pradhan, and Bora Ung, "Endlessly mono-radial annular core photonic crystal fiber for the broadband transmission and supercontinuum generation of vortex beams," Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2488, 2019.

40. Zhang, Zhishen, Jiuyang Lu, Tao Liu, Jiulin Gan, Xiaobo Heng, Minbo Wu, Feng Li, and Zhongmin Yang, "Azimuthally and radially polarized orbital angular momentum modes in valley topological photonic crystal fiber," Nanophotonics, Vol. 10, No. 16, 4067-4074, 2021.

41. Zhang, Xi, Min Chang, Nan Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jin Zhang, Jia Du, and Xin Ding, "Ultra-broadband mid-infrared TE01 vector mode selector based on ring-core few-mode photonic crystal fiber," Optical Fiber Technology, Vol. 70, 102859, 2022.

42. Aly, Arafa H., Sang-Wan Ryu, Heng-Tung Hsu, and Chien-Jang Wu, "THz transmittance in one-dimensional superconducting nanomaterial-dielectric superlattice," Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 113, No. 1, 382-384, 2009.

43. Mohammed, Nazmi A., Mahmoud M. Hamed, Ashraf A. M. Khalaf, Abdulaziz Alsayyari, and S. El-Rabaie, "High-sensitivity ultra-quality factor and remarkable compact blood components biomedical sensor based on nanocavity coupled photonic crystal," Results in Physics, Vol. 14, 102478, 2019.

44. Ahmed, Kawsar, Fahad Ahmed, Subrata Roy, Bikash Kumar Paul, Mst. Nargis Aktar, Dhasarathan Vigneswaran, and Md. Saiful Islam, "Refractive index-based blood components sensing in terahertz spectrum," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 19, No. 9, 3368-3375, 2019.

45. He, Tao and Baojian Wu, "Low confinement loss photonic crystal fibre capable of supporting 54 orbital angular momentum modes," Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 67, No. 6, 556-562, 2020.

46. Wang, Mintuo, Ying Lu, Congjing Hao, Xianchao Yang, and Jianquan Yao, "Simulation analysis of a temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber filled with different shapes of nanowires," Optik, Vol. 126, No. 23, 3687-3691, 2015.

Dr. Kandaswamy Renuka Rani

Dr. Natesan Yogesh

Dr. Krishnan Chitra