In this paper, a full-360° reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS) using a trans-directional (TRD) coupler with multi-resonance loads is presented. It features the characteristics of wide bandwidth, small size, and wide phase shifts with a compact structure and inherent DC blocking. Influences of the multi-resonance loads on the phase shifts and insertion losses of the RTPS are analyzed, and design procedures are given for guidance. For validation, a prototype is designed at 2 GHz. The overall size is 0.56λ_g × 0.17λ_g. Measured results show a bandwidth of 20% under the criterion of more than 10-dB return loss. Meanwhile, a relative phase variation of 425° with a maximum insertion loss of 3.6 dB is achieved when the varactor capacitance is varied among 0.35 pF~3.2 pF.

This work discusses the effect of reconfigurability on a Sierpinski-carpet fractal microstrip patch antenna. The implementation of reconfigurability is achieved by modeling a PIN diode as a lumped RC element on HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) simulation tool. The proposed antenna design is also fabricated and tested. It is highly miniaturized having a dimension of 9.5 mm × 7.4 mm and a significantly high impedance bandwidth which is desirable for most wireless communication applications. The resultant Fractal Reconfigurable Antenna (FRA) exhibits good performance parameters having frequency reconfigurability rendering it useful for Ku/K/Ka band applications.

A Negative Group delay (NGD) triple passband filter with a lossy Meander Step Impedance Resonator (MSIR) is introduced in this article. The size miniaturization technique by increasing the number of meander turns is presented. In the process of filter design, the calculation of the total inductance value of the meander section is discussed in a simplified way. At the same time, the electrical and physical lengths of each section of meander resonator are calculated. The proposed filter has three passbands at 2.4, 5.0, and 7.4 GHz. The Group Delay (GD) in the three pass bands is -2.5 ns, -2.1 ns, and -2.0 ns, respectively. The more the number of meander turns is, the more the NGD will be. The proposed design is well equipped to be used in feed-forward and feed-back power amplifier applications. The frequency response exhibits satisfactory Return Losses (RLs) of -24, -25, and -22 dB at these three passbands. Four Transmission Zeros are generated at 3.35, 3.98, 6.2, and 8.31 GHz using an absorptive Folded SIR (FSIR) structure which improve the stopband performance. The overall dimension of the filter is (20.7 x 12) mm = (0.16 x 0.09)λ_g.

A wideband interdigital Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor is created and built in a two-layer low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate. To reduce the amount of stopbands and eliminate unexpected spurs which restrict the bandwidth, short-interconnection that interconnects the open ends of interval fingers is proposed. The increment of bandwidth and capacitance of the proposed interdigital MIM capacitor is 206% and 25%, respectively. The proposed interdigital capacitor has a wider frequency applicational range and a compact size of only 8.2×6.2 mm. Performance discussion and comparisons are also carried out.

In this paper, a single-feed cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with wide angular circular polarization is proposed. It is composed of a cylindrical cavity loaded cylindrical dielectric resonator (DR), an orthogonal slot with curved arms, and an off-centered L-shaped microstrip line. By inserting the slot with curved arms and a cylindrical cavity, the 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth (ARBW) can be increased, and symmetric radiation can be obtained. For validation, a prototype is designed at 1.7 GHz and fabricated. The overall size is 0.39λ₀ × 0.39λ₀ × 0.13λ₀. The measured results show that it exhibits a 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 33.3% (1.45~2.03 GHz) with a circularly polarized (CP) bandwidth of 16.1% (1.54~1.81 GHz). Symmetric radiations are obtained, and the 3-dB ARBWs in the xoz and yoz planes are more than 150° over the CP bandwidth.

In this paper, a dipole antenna is investigated for 5G New Radio portable devices. This antenna adopts the characteristics of multiple mode resonance. Then, by adjusting the spacing between dipole pairs, the antenna has a good impedance match in a wide frequency band. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 2.31-5.34 GHz (79.2%). In the operation frequency band, the maximum gain and average gain of the antenna are 8.68 dBi and 4.67 dBi, respectively. It can be used in the 5G Sub-6 GHz NR frequency bands n7/n38/n41/n77/n78/n79 and also compatible with WLAN/WiMAX band.

In this paper, a novel circularly polarized rectenna, with a harmonic suppression, capable of harvesting low-power RF energy with wide operating output loads is presented. The proposed rectenna is composed of a circularly polarized CPW-fed antenna based on a split ring resonator (SRR) and a wideband rectifying circuit. The circular polarization characteristic is achieved by breaking the symmetry of the SRR. The designed topology is fabricated and measured. Simulated and measured results show that the rectenna's efficiency is more than 45% at 2.45 GHz with an input power of -15 dBm under different polarizations. Importantly, the measured results show that the proposed configuration can maintain the same efficiency over wide ranges of loads (from 1 to 5 kΩ). The measured output dc voltage of the rectifier with a load resistance of 3-kΩ is 0.21 V and 1.22 V at -15 dBm and 0 dBm, respectively. The proposed design concept is very suitable for the 2.45 GHz ISM band (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, etc.).

Seawater is generally considered as an electrical conductor with rather weak electrical conductivity. As a moving electrical conductor in an electromagnetic field, seawater motions induce weak electromagnetic field in surrounding environment. The movement of vessels in seawater leads to the variations of electromagnetic field pattern, called as magnetic wake. In order to detect a moving object through the induced magnetic wake, a magnetometer can be placed under the seawater surface. In this paper, we present a mathematical model through which we can study the magnetic wake in water of finite depth and, explore its behavior with respect to environmental parameters and geometric characteristics of the moving object. More specifically, we show through mathematical expressions and numerical results that there always exists an optimal depth under the sea surface wherein if amagnetometer isplaced, maximum amplitude of magnetic wake can be captured. Several key properties are verified for the optimal magnetic wake detection through numerical results. Firstly, the optimal depth is increased by increasing the speed of the moving vessel. Secondly, the optimal depth is not influenced considerably by the variation of sea depth, and thirdly, in the case wherethe Froude number of the vessel is lower than 0.5, the optimal depth is below 15 m.

A compact multiband antenna for frequency bands of 2.45 GHz (ISM), 3.3 GHz (5G), and 5.8 GHz (ISM) is proposed. Modified Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) and the cross-shaped stub is introduced in the hexagonal radiator to achieve triple-band operation including both ISM bands applications of 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz and WiFi/WLAN. The stubs in the radiator also improve the bandwidth and impedance matching of the antenna. The 10 dB impedance of the proposed antenna varies from 2.43 GHz to 2.64 GHz, 3.02 GHz to 3.85 GHz, and 4.88 GHz to 6.82 GHz. The antenna is analyzed on a human phantom model for wearable applications, where simulated SAR and theoretically calculated SAR are 0.3251 W/Kg and 0.3299 W/Kg, respectively. The antenna is used on a human breast model for cancer detection applications, where the SAR value is used to analyze and validate the performance of the antenna; therefore, the antenna has effectively worked for biomedical and wearable applications.

Due to recent developments in wireless communications, frequency reconfigurable antennas have increased in popularity. This paper presents an integrated design for MIMO antennas that uses octagonal ring-shaped with a frequency-tunable dual-band reconfigurable for wireless communication applications. On the ground plane, the designed antenna has four octagonal ring-shaped radiators with a total size 50 x 50 x 1.6 mm³. In the center of each radiator, a varactor diode is employed to control the capacitive reactance of the slot to provide frequency reconfigurability. Between orthogonally positioned antennas, rectangular defective ground gaps are used for isolation purposes as well. Dual-band operation is achieved by linking the varactor to a slot line of radiating rings. The antenna's lower-frequency band resonates at 4.2 GHz, and its upper-frequency band can be tuned from 4.55 to 5.56 GHz (with isolation > 25 dB in the operating bands). The simulated results are found to be highly consistent with the experimental data. As a result, frequency agility, large tuning range, compactness, and planar structure make it appropriate for a wide range of existing and future wireless communication applications.

Magnetoacoustic concentration tomography with magnetic induction (MACT-MI) is a noninvasive imaging method that reconstructs the concentration image of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based on the acoustic pressure signal generated by the magnetic properties of MNPs. The performance of MNPs is of great significance in MACT-MI. To study influences of the uniaxial anisotropy of MNPs on MACT-MI, firstly, based on the static magnetization curve, the force characteristic that the MNPs with uniaxial anisotropy experienced was analyzed. The magnetic force equation with the space component separated from the time term was deduced. The acoustic pressure equation containing the concentration of the MNPs with uniaxial anisotropy was derived. Then, a two-dimensional axisymmetric simulation model was constructed to compare magnetic force, acoustic source, and acoustic pressure before and after considering the uniaxial anisotropy of MNPs. The effect of scanning angle and detection radius of ultrasonic transducer on the acoustic pressure was studied. Finally, the concentration image of the MNPs with uniaxial anisotropy was reconstructed by the time reversal method and the method of moments (MoM). Theoretical considerations and simulation results have shown that the magnetic force has a triple increase after taking into account the uniaxial anisotropy of MNPs. The take-off time of acoustic pressure waves is only related to the position of the uniaxial anisotropy MNPs region. From the reconstructed image, concentration distribution and spatial location and size information of the uniaxial anisotropy MNPs region can be distinguished. The research results may lay the foundation for MACT-MI in subsequent experiments and even clinical applications.

This paper analyzes and solves the complexity to determine the optimum positions of the Fishnet & Complementary Circular Ring Resonator (CCRR) based Defected Ground Structures (DGS) for Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) based antennas. A new state-of-art technique based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Machine Learning (ML) is proposed for overcoming the lack of solid and standard formulations for the computation of this parameter related to a targeted frequency. As a proof of concept and to test the performance of our approach, the algorithm is applied for the determination of the CCRR and Fishnet-DGS's optimal positions for a SIW based antenna. The SIW technique provides the advantages of low cost, small size and convenient integration with planar circuits. The ANN-ML based technique is optimized to attain dual-band resonances with optimal gain and radiation efficiency. The simulation results of the first Fishnet-DGS based antenna show good minimum return losses at two center frequencies, namely, 16.6 GHz (with gain of 6 dB and radiation efficiency of 95%) and 17.7 GHz (with gain and radiation efficiency of 9 dB and 96%, respectively). The second CCRR-DGS based antenna shows about 8\,dB gain and a radiation efficiency of 87% at 17.3 GHz, and gain and efficiency of about 8.5 dB and 85% are observed at 17.8 GHz. The proposed CCRR and Fishnet-DGS based antenna are low profiles, low costs, with good gains and radiation efficiencies, making both designs very suitable for Ku-band applications. There is a fair agreement between the measured and simulated results. The achieved dual-band resonances act as a proof of concept that the proposed ANN-ML techniques can be employed for the determination of the optimal positions for CCRR and Fishnet thereby attaining any target dual-bands in the Ku-band with good accuracy of about 98% and a save of 99% in the overall the computational time.

An optically transparent circularly polarized indium tin oxide based antenna having operability in THz region is proposed in this paper. An E-shaped slot and an I-shaped slot are embedded into an E-shaped radiating E-shaped radiating patch modeled by ITO and conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) on a polyimide substrate to obtain circular polarization. The unequal parallel slits of the E-shaped patch with an E-shaped slot lead to introduce two orthogonal modes, and hence circular polarization is achieved. Besides, integration of a I-shaped slot also helps to create the difference in magnitude of current distribution between the two working modes to get better axial ratio. Due to the high resistivity of indium tin oxide thin film, the patch of the antenna is covered with highly CNT film which improves the overall performance of the antenna. To overcome the limitations of the traditional design process, characteristic mode analysis is carried out which helps to realize and analyze circular polarization generation mechanism effectively. The proposed antenna shows a wide 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 9.66%. A reasonable gain of 2.61 dBic is obtained at 1.11 THz with excellent radiation performance. Wide 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth with reasonable gain makes this light weight transparent small-antenna competent for wireless and satellites applications.

The magnetic-geared generator integrates the magnetic gear and the generator by using the magnetic field modulation technology. It has the characteristics of high power density, high material utilization, and has a wide application prospect. However, compared with the general generator, its structure is relatively complex which makes its design and optimization become more complex. Therefore, a new structure and an optimization method based on orthogonal regression statistics is proposed. The experimental results fully prove the effectiveness of the proposed structure and optimization method.

In this paper, half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) bandpass filters with modified complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for the reduction of machining tolerance sensitivity are presented. Profiting from the evanescent-mode resonance operation, the conventional CSRR and its modified versions have been successfully utilized to miniaturize the physical sizes of SIW components. However, few investigations have focused on the fabrication tolerance. Performance of most CSRR-loaded SIW components, as well as their modified versions, is significantly sensitive to the fabrication tolerance. Hence, as the conventional machining process is with large fabrication tolerance, the CSRR-loaded SIW components suffer from limited performance and restrained application practicability. To decrease the influence from the machining tolerance on the components' performance, the slots-embedded CSRR (SECSRR) is proposed and loaded into HMSIW to design evanescent-mode filters. Numerical simulations exhibit that the proposed SECSRR can help to decrease the machining tolerance sensitivity effectively as the fractional frequency offset resulting from the fabrication error is reduced from ±8.11% to ±4.95%, which indicates that the proposed SECSRR is able to improve the suitability of SIW/HMSIW components and circuits for practical radio frequency (RF) and microwave applications.

In this paper, an intracranial hemorrhage stroke detection and classification method using microwave imaging system (MIS) based on machine learning approaches is presented. To create a circular array-based MIS, sixteen elements of modified bowtie antennas around a multilayer head phantom with a spherical target with radius of 1 cm as an intracranial hemorrhage target are simulated in CST simulator. To obtain satisfied radiation characteristics in the desired frequency band of 0.5-5 GHz a suitable matching medium is designed. Initially, in the processing section, a confocal image-reconstructing method based on delay-and-sum (DAS) and delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) beam-forming algorithms is used. Then, reconstructed images are generated, which shows the applicability of the confocal method in detecting a spherical target in the range of 1 cm. Separating and categorizing targets is a challenging task due to the ambiguity in the extracted target from MIS. Thus, to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy brain tissues, a new compound machine learning technique, including filtering, edge-detection based segmentation, and applying K Means and fuzzy clustering techniques, which reveal intracranial hemorrhage area from reconstructed images is adopted. Simulated results are presented to validate the proposed method effectiveness for precisely localizing and classifying bleeding targets.

A novel staired-slitted flag central resonator based wide band bandpass filter with sharp selectivity and super spurious harmonic suppression is proposed in this paper. Input-output ports based on three line edge coupling with ground plane aperture cutting contribute to the rejection of harmonics in the lower stopband. The spurious harmonic at the upper stopband is rejected with the help of embedded open stub suppression cells. The generation of two transmission zeros at the lower and upper cut-off frequencies are due to the staired slitted-flag main resonator, which contributes to the better selectivity of the filter, and it is verified with the help of mathematical equations. The fractional bandwidth of the developed filter is 107.2% with 7.82 GHz centre frequency. This work demonstrates the design, theory and implementation aspects for the realization of bandpass filters with sharp selectivity and very good spurious suppression.

This paper presents a novel method of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication on the basis of a passive repeater that achieves enhanced performance in both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight environments. The passive repeater is implemented as a back-to-back antenna system. The advantage of the proposed system is an increase in the effective aperture of the base station, which allows to sufficiently extend the communication distance and ensure spatial resolution. The configuration of the passive repeater is simple, based on two connected antennas with parabolic reflectors. This configuration helps to avoid phase controller that allows to spread repeaters in the communication environment. This spreading provides multipath propagation and improves MIMO performance. In this paper we suggest to implement the proposed passive repeater with optimal placements to create multipath wave propagation and ensure spatial resolution in a line-of-sight environment, and to enhance coverage and access blind spots in a non-line-of-sight environment. The numerical analysis is performed to verify the validity of using the proposed repeater, and it is found that the proposed method helps to ensure features in the propagation environment which leads to enhanced MIMO performance.

A four-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna based on a modified Complementary Split Ring Resonator (MCSRR) is presented in this paper for dual-band 5G smartphone applications. An inverted L-shaped radiator is used with MCSRR as an open stub in the ground, where MCSRR is responsible for dual operating bands and enhances the impedance matching. The MCSRR as an open stub in the ground plane creates a notch band that minimizes the interference in 5G wireless communication. The four elements of the antenna are placed in such a way that minimum isolation between antenna elements is obtained, 16.5 dB, without any decoupling, whereas more than 20 dB isolation is achieved by using T-shaped decupling. The antenna achieves dual 10 dB bandwidths from 3.40 GHz to 3.625 GHz and from 3.90 GHz to 4.525 GHz. Envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) is extracted from far-field results to analyse the MIMO antenna performance in practical design consideration.

This review discusses the evolution of the various radar cross-section (RCS) reduction techniques, with an emphasis on metasurfaces. The paper first introduces the terms RCS and RCS reduction and then discusses conventional and modern techniques to reduce RCS. The two main strategies used are scattering and absorption. The traditional methods of shaping and Radar Absorbing Material (RAM) are first briefly reviewed, followed by an extensive review of metasurface-based RCS reduction. RCS-reducing metasurfaces have the unique characteristics of acting as scatterers and absorbers. They are also described with regard to their passive and active configurations. The RCS reduction techniques are discussed with respect to profile, bandwidth, angular stability, polarization sensitivity, design complexity, and cost-effectiveness. A comprehensive comparison chart based on the performance parameters such as bandwidth, size and angular stability is tabulated for the different types of metasurfaces. The review also details areas that require further investigation.