volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper introduces a model and design of an innovative bandpass (BP) negative group delay (NGD) distributed circuit. The passive circuit topology under study is constituted by fully distributed elements without lumped components. The NGD passive structure is implemented as a ladder shape topology composed of distributed transmission line (TL) elements. The S-matrix model is established from TL-based equivalent Z-matrix operations of TLs with respect to the ladder geometry. As a proof of concept, a two-cell ladder prototype is designed in microstrip technology, which is simulated, fabricated, and tested. The calculated and simulated measurements are in very good agreement with the validation of BP NGD behaviour. NGD value is better than -3 ns with centre frequency between 3.56 and 3.68 GHz over more than 30 MHz NGD bandwidth being observed. The circuit operates under insertion loss better than 5 dB and reflection loss better than 8 dB. This innovative BP NGD passive circuit can be useful in the RF and microwave engineering area, for example, to reduce the signal propagation delay in the upcoming and 5G telecommunication systems.

1. "5 critical 5G network deployment challenges --- Infovista,", https://www.infovista.com/blog/5g-network-deployment-challenges (consulté le févr. 13, 2021).
doi:10.1109/ISCAS.2014.6865398 Google Scholar

2. "5G-PPP,", https://5g-ppp.eu/(consulté le févr. 13, 2021).
doi:10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.12.3514 Google Scholar

3. R. & S. International "R&S®Cloud4Testing: 5G signal analysis,", https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/fr/produits/test-et-mesure/analyseurs-de-signaux-et-de-spectres/digital-products/cloud4testing/cloud4testing-5g-application-package 253876.html (consulté le févr.13, 2021).
doi:10.1109/TCSI.2007.900181 Google Scholar

4. Agrawal, G., S. Aniruddhan, and R. K. Ganti, "Multi-band RF time delay element based on frequency translation," 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 1368-1371, 2014.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2977100 Google Scholar

5. Myoung, S.-S., B.-S. Kwon, Y.-H. Kim, and J.-G. Yook, "Effect of group delay in RF BPF on impulse radio systems," IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol. 90, No. 12, 3514-3522, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153297 Google Scholar

6. Groenewold, G., "Noise and group delay in active filters," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Regul. Pap., Vol. 54, No. 7, 1471-1480, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TCSI.2011.2107251 Google Scholar

7. Shao, T., Z. Wang, S. Fang, H. Liu, and Z. N. Chen, "A full-passband linear-phase band-pass filter equalized with negative group delay circuits," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 43336-43343, 2020.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2014.2320220 Google Scholar

8. Shao, T., Z. Wang, S. Fang, H. Liu, and Z. N. Chen, "A group-delay-compensation admittance inverter for full-passband self-equalization of linear-phase band-pass filter," AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 123, 153297, 2020.
doi:10.1049/el.2010.1797 Google Scholar

9. Kandic, M. and G. E. Bridges, "Asymptotic limits of negative group delay in active resonator-based distributed circuits," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Regul. Pap., Vol. 58, No. 8, 1727-1735, 2011.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2015.0597 Google Scholar

10. Wu, C.-T. M. and T. Itoh, "Maximally flat negative group-delay circuit: A microwave transversal filter approach," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 62, No. 6, 1330-1342, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TCSI.2007.910538 Google Scholar

11. Markley, L. and G. V. Eleftheriades, "Quad-band negative-refractive-index transmission-line unit cell with reduced group delay," Electron. Lett., Vol. 46, No. 17, 1206-1208, 2010. Google Scholar

12. Barroso, J. J., J. E. B. Oliveira, O. L. Coutinho, and U. C. Hasar, "Negative group velocity in resistive lossy left-handed transmission lines," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 10, No. 7, 808-815, May 2016.
doi:10.1109/MMM.2020.3035862 Google Scholar

13. Awwad, F. R., M. Nekili, V. Ramachandran, and M. Sawan, "On modeling of parallel repeater-insertion methodologies for SoC interconnects," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Regul. Pap., Vol. 55, No. 1, 322-335, 2008. Google Scholar

14. Ravelo, B., "Recovery of microwave-digital signal integrity with NGD circuits," Photon Optoelectron, Vol. 2, No. 1, 8-16, 2013.
doi:10.1017/S1759078717001192 Google Scholar

15. Xiao, J.-K., Q.-F. Wang, and J.-G. Ma, "Negative group delay circuits and applications: Feedforward amplifiers, phased-array antennas, constant phase shifters, non-foster elements, interconnection equalization, and power dividers," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 22, No. 2, 16-32, Feb. 2021.
doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abc656 Google Scholar

16. Abdulkarim, Y. I., H. N. Awl, F. F. Muhammadsharif, M. Karaaslan, R. H. Mahmud, S. O. Hasan, Ö. Işık, H. Luo, and S. Huang, "A low-profile antenna based on single-layer metasurface for Ku-band applications," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2020, Article ID 8813951, 8 pages, 2020.
doi:10.1149/2.1491912jes Google Scholar

17. Akgol, O., O. Altintas, E. Unal, et al. "Linear to left-and right-hand circular polarization conversion by using a metasurface structure," Int. Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 133-138, 2008.
doi:10.1109/JSEN.2017.2747764 Google Scholar

18. Altıntaş, O., M. Aksoy, E. Ünal, M. Karaaslan, and C. Sabah, "Operating frequency reconfiguration study for a split ring resonator based microfluidic sensor," J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 167, No. 14, 147512, Nov. 2020.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2408364 Google Scholar

19. Bakır, M., S. Dalgaç, M. Karaaslan, F. Karadag, O. Akgol, E. Unal, T. Depçi, and C. Sabah, "A comprehensive study on fuel adulteration sensing by using triple ring resonator type metamaterial," J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 166, B1044-B1052, 2019.
doi:10.23919/EuMC.2019.8910773 Google Scholar

20. Velez, P., L. Su, K. Grenier, J. Mata-Contreras, D. Dubuc, and F. Martin, "Microwave microfluidic sensor based on a microstrip splitter/combiner configuration and split ring resonators (SRRs) for dielectric characterization of liquids," IEEE Sens. J., Vol. 17, 6589-6598, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2017.2745487 Google Scholar

21. Mirzaei, H. and G. V. Eleftheriades, "Arbitrary-angle squint-free beamforming in series-fed antenna arrays using non-foster elements synthesized by negative-group-delay networks," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 63, No. 5, 1997-2010, May 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2013.09.003 Google Scholar

22. Zhu, M. and C.-T. M.Wu, "Reconfigurable series feed network for squint-free antenna beamforming using distributed amplifier-based negative group delay circuit," 2019 49th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), 256-259, 2019.
doi:10.1051/epjap/2012110374 Google Scholar

23. Zhang, T., R. Xu, and C.-T. M. Wu, "Unconditionally stable non-foster element using active transversal-filter-based negative group delay circuit," IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett., Vol. 27, No. 10, 921-923, 2017.
doi:10.1002/cta.1902 Google Scholar

24. Ravelo, B., "Distributed NGD active circuit for RF-microwave communication," AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 68, No. 4, 282-290, 2014.
doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2017.8409424 Google Scholar

25. Ravelo, B., "Delay modeling of high-speed distributed interconnect for the signal integrity prediction," Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 57, No. 3, 31002, 2012.
doi:10.1109/APMC.2013.6695137 Google Scholar

26. Ravelo, B., "Similitude between the NGD function and filter gain behaviours," Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl., Vol. 42, No. 10, 1016-1032, 2014.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2017.2711572 Google Scholar

27. Ravelo, B., "On low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and stop-band NGD RF passive circuits," URSI Radio Sci. Bull., Vol. 2017, No. 363, 10-27, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2014.2322445 Google Scholar

28. Wu, C.-T. M., S. Gharavi, and T. Itoh, "Negative group delay circuit based on a multisection asymmetrical directional coupler," 2013 Asia-Pacic Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), 333-334, 2013.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2014.2345352 Google Scholar

29. Qiu, L.-F., L.-S. Wu, W.-Y. Yin, and J.-F. Mao, "Absorptive bandstop filter with prescribed negative group delay and bandwidth," IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett., Vol. 27, No. 7, 639-641, Jul. 2017.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2014.0351 Google Scholar

30. Chaudhary, G., Y. Jeong, and J. Lim, "Miniaturized dual-band negative group delay circuit using dual-plane defected structures," IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett., Vol. 24, No. 8, 521-523, 2014.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2761890 Google Scholar

31. Chaudhary, G. and Y. Jeong, "Low signal-attenuation negative group-delay network topologies using coupled lines," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 62, No. 10, 2316-2324, 2014.
doi:10.1049/el.2017.0328 Google Scholar

32. Chaudhary, G. and Y. Jeong, "Transmission-type negative group delay networks using coupled line doublet structure," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 9, No. 8, 748-754, 2015.
doi:10.13164/re.2018.1070 Google Scholar

33. Shao, T., Z. Wang, S. Fang, H. Liu, and S. Fu, "A compact transmission-line self-matched negative group delay microwave circuit," IEEE Access, Vol. 5, 22836-22843, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2761890. Google Scholar

34. Liu, G. and J. Xu, "Compact transmission-type negative group delay circuit with low attenuation," Electron. Lett., Vol. 53, No. 7, 476-478, févr, 2017, doi: 10.1049/el.2017.0328. Google Scholar

35. Shao, T., S. Fang, Z. Wang, and H. Liu, "A compact dual-band negative group delay microwave circuit," Radioengineering, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1070-1076, Sept. 2018, doi: 10.13164/re.2018.1070. Google Scholar

36. Ravelo, B. and F. Wan, "NGD synthesizer with feedback hybrid coupler," 2019 IEEE Radio and Antenna Days of the Indian Ocean (RADIO), 1-2, Sept. 2019, doi: 10.23919/RA-DIO46463.2019.8968893.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2014.2320220 Google Scholar

37. Ravelo, B., "Hybrid coupler-based NGD circuit," Negat. Group Delay Devices Concepts Appl., 147-172, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1049/PBCS043E_ch5. Google Scholar

38. Wu, C. M., S. Gharavi, and T. Itoh, "Negative group delay circuit based on a multisection asymmetrical directional coupler," 2013 Asia-Pacic Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), 333-334, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1109/APMC.2013.6695137.
doi:10.1109/22.275248 Google Scholar

39. Wu, C. M. and T. Itoh, "Maximally flat negative group-delay circuit: A microwave transversal filter approach," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 62, No. 6, 1330-1342, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2014.2320220.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2016.2604316 Google Scholar

40. Hammerstad, E. and O. Jensen, "Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design," 1980 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 407-409, 1980. Google Scholar

41. Frickey, D. A., "Conversions between S, Z, Y, H, ABCD, and T parameters which are valid for complex source and load impedances," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 42, No. 2, 205-211, 1994. Google Scholar

42. Ravelo, B., "Theory of coupled line coupler-based negative group delay microwave circuit," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 64, No. 11, 3604-3611, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2016.2604316. Google Scholar

Dr. Samuel Ngoho

Dr. Yves Constant Mombo Boussougou

Dr. Syed Samar Yazdani

Dr. Yuandan Dong

Dr. Nour Mohammad Murad

Dr. Sebastien Lallechere

Dr. Wenceslas Rahajandraibe

Dr. Blaise Ravelo