volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Left-handed metamaterial (LHM) lenses allow the focusing of microwave radiation at specific positions within a medium, depending on its refractive index. A suitable approach needs to consider the reflections between the LHM lens and the adjacent media. This work faces the challenge of focusing the microwave radiation within a medium with arbitrary positive refractive index and characteristic impedance using LHM lenses as imaging-forming systems. To find a right lens formula, a full wave method is presented in theory. The results we achieved show that the characteristic flat shape of conformal-four lens configuration has a spot size of 0.53 x 0.34λ_eff² at -3 dB if the different media are perfectly matched. Otherwise, a noteworthy aberration affects the focusing, but it can be mitigated using a conformal circular LHM lens with a spot size of ~0.4 x 0.4λ_eff² at -3 dB.

1. Veselago, V. G., "The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ," Soviet Physics Uspekhi, Vol. 10, No. 4, 509-14, 1968.
doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699 Google Scholar

2. Pendry, J. B., "Negative refraction makes a perfect lens," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, No. 18, 3966-3969, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3966 Google Scholar

3. Garcia, N. and M. Nieto-Vesperinas, "Left-handed materials do not make a perfect lens," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 90, No. 22, 229903, 2003.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.229903 Google Scholar

4. Zhang, K.-K., H.-L. Luo, and S.-C. Wen, "Focal shift of paraxial gaussian beams in a left-handed material slab lens," Chinese Physics Letters, Vol. 27, No. 7, 4774-4784, 2010. Google Scholar

5. Kuhta, N. A., V. A. Podolskiy, and A. L. Efros, "Far field imaging by a planar lens: diffraction versus superresolution," Physical Review B, Vol. 76, 205102, 2007.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.205102 Google Scholar

6. Kuhta, N. A., V. A. Podolskiy, and A. L. Efros, "Quantifying the limitations of far-field imaging by a left-handed planar lens," URSI General Assembly, Chicago, 2008. Google Scholar

7. Aydin, K. and E. Ozbay, "Left-handed metamaterial based superlensfor subwavelength imaging of electromagnetic waves," Applied Physics A, Vol. 87, No. 2, 137-141, 2007.
doi:10.1007/s00339-006-3817-4 Google Scholar

8. Petrov, R. V., G. Srinivasan, M. I. Bichurin, and D. Viehland, "Three-dimensional left-handed material lens," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, 104103, 2007.
doi:10.1063/1.2778753 Google Scholar

9. Ozbay, E. and K. Aydin, "Negative refraction and subwavelength focusing using left-handed composite metamaterials," Proceedings SPIE, Metamaterials III, Lensing I, Vol. 6987, April 23, 2008. Google Scholar

10. Wang, G., Y. Gong, and H. J. Wang, "Schemes of microwave hyperthermia by using flat left-handed material lenses," Microwave and Optical Technology Let., Vol. 51, No. 7, 1738-1743, 2009.
doi:10.1002/mop.24449 Google Scholar

11. Leggio, L., O. de Varona, and E. Dadrasnia, "A comparison between different schemes of microwave cancer hyperthermia treatment by means of left-handed metamaterial lenses," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 150, 73-87, 2015.
doi:10.2528/PIER14101408 Google Scholar

12. Tassin, P., I. Veretennicoff, and G. Van der Sande, "Veselago’s lens consisting of left-handed materials with arbitrary index of refraction," Optics Communications, Vol. 264, 130-134, 2006.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2006.02.013 Google Scholar

13. Born, M. and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Seventh Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2002.

14. Zhou, J., T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, "An efficient way to reduce losses of left-handed metamaterials," Optics Express, Vol. 16, No. 15, 11147-11152, 2008.
doi:10.1364/OE.16.011147 Google Scholar

15. Zhu, L., F. Meng, F. Zhang, J. Fu, Q. Wu, X. Ding, and J. L.-W. Li, "An ultra-low loss split ring resonator by suppressing the electric dipole moment," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 137, 239-254, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER12121703 Google Scholar

16. Fang, J., G. Yu, H.Wang, and W. Gang, "Study on near field target detection and imaging by using flat LHM lens," META08–Proceed. of the 2008 Intern. Workshop on Metamaterials, November 9-12, 2008. Google Scholar

17. Wang, G., J. Fang, and X. Dong, "Resolution of near-field microwave target detection and imaging by using flat LHM lens," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 55, No. 12, 3534-3541, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.910365 Google Scholar

18. Turpin, J. P., Q. Wu, D. H. Werner, B. Martin, M. Bray, and E. Lier, "Low cost and broadband dual-polarization metamaterial lens for directivity enhancement," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 60, 5717-5726, Dec. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2012.2214013 Google Scholar

19. Meng, F. Y., Y. L. Lyu, K. Zhang, Q. Wu, and L. W. Li, "A detached zero index metamaterial lens for antenna gain enhancement," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 132, 463-478, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12082112 Google Scholar

20. Zhang, X. and Z. Liu, "Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit," Nature Materials, Vol. 7, 435-441, 2008.
doi:10.1038/nmat2141 Google Scholar

21. Lan, L., W. Jiang, and Y. Ma, "Three dimensional subwavelength focus by a near-field plate lens," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 102, No. 23, 231119, 2013.
doi:10.1063/1.4810004 Google Scholar

22. Grbic, A., L. Jiang, and R. Merlin, "Near-field plates: Sub-diffraction focusing with patterned surfaces," Science, Vol. 320, No. 5875, 511-513, 2008.
doi:10.1126/science.1154753 Google Scholar

Dr. Luca Leggio

Dr. Ehsan Dadrasnia

Mr. Omar de Varona