volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, hyperbolic metamaterials slot waveguides based on graphene have been proposed to explore the optical characteristics. The hyperbolic metamaterials are composed of graphene-dielectric alternating multilayer. It has been verified in our proposed structure that the optical field is enhanced efficiently in the slot region, which results in the optical gradient force becoming larger as the distance of slot region becomes smaller. Both numerical simulation and theoretical analysis systematically reveal that the stronger gradient force can be achieved through smaller slot gap or lower chemical potential. Furthermore, the optical properties of two coupled waveguides have been studied under the relation of incident wavelength, chemical potential of graphene, composition of graphene-dielectric multilayer (eg., number of periods, filling factor of graphene) of the waveguides in this work. We find that a larger gradient force can be obtained by adjusting the height of waveguides, either decreasing the thickness of dielectric with constant number of periods or compressing the number of periods with fixed graphene filling factor. Our results will be helpful to the study of the optical field in the infrared region and also has great potentials in nanoscale manipulation and plasmonic devices.

1. Barnakov, Y. A., H. Li, E. E. Narimanov, M. A. Noginov, T. Tumkur, and G. Zhu, "Bulk photonic metamaterial with hyperbolic dispersion," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 94, No. 15, 151105-151105-3, 2008. Google Scholar

2. Yao, J., Z. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, C. Sun, G. Bartal, A. M. Stacy, and X. Zhang, "Optical negative refraction in bulk metamaterials of nanowires," Science, Vol. 321, No. 5891, 930, 2008.
doi:10.1126/science.1157566 Google Scholar

3. Wood, B., J. B. Pendry, and D. P. Tsai, "Directed sub-wavelength imaging using a layered metaldielectric system," Physics, 2006, doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.1151163. Google Scholar

4. Jacob, Z., J. Y. Kim, G. V. Naik, A. Boltasseva, E. E. Narimanov, and V. M. Shalaev, "Engineering photonic density of states using metamaterials," Applied Physics B, Vol. 100, No. 1, 215-218, 2010.
doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4096-5 Google Scholar

5. Mei, Z. L., Y. L. Xu, J. Bai, and T. J. Cui, "Nonmagnetic electromagnetic transparent wall realized by a metal-dielectric multilayer structure," Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 15, 16955-16967, 2012.
doi:10.1364/OE.20.016955 Google Scholar

6. Starkobowes, R., J. Atkinson, W. Newman, H. Hu, T. Kallos, G. Palikaras, R. Fedosejevs, S. Pramanik, and Z. Jacob, "Optical characterization of epsilon-near-zero, epsilon-near-pole, and hyperbolic response in nanowire metamaterials," Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 32, No. 10, 2015. Google Scholar

7. Cui, J. P., W. S. Zhao, W. Y. Yin, and J. Hu, "Signal transmission analysis of multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) interconnects," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 54, No. 1, 126-132, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2011.2172947 Google Scholar

8. Fei, Z., A. S. Rodin, G. O. Andreev, and W. Bao, "Gate-tuning of graphene plasmons revealed by infrared nano-imaging," Nature, Vol. 487, No. 7405, 82-85, 2012. Google Scholar

9. Liu, H., Y. Liu, and D. Zhu, "Chemical doping of graphene," Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 10, 3335-3345, 2011.
doi:10.1039/C0JM02922J Google Scholar

10. Guo, B., L. Fang, B. Zhang, and J. R. Gong, "Graphene doping: A review," Sciences Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 80-89, 2011. Google Scholar

11. Ballestar, A., P. Esquinazi, J. Barzola-Quiquia, S. Dusari, F. Bern, R. R. D. Silva, et al. "Possible superconductivity in multi-layer-graphene by application of a gate voltage," Carbon, Vol. 72, No. 2, 312-320, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.011 Google Scholar

12. Ju, L., B. Geng, L. Horng, C. Girit, M. Martin, Z. Hao, H. A. Bechtel, X. Liang, A. Zettl, and Y. R. Shen, "Graphene plasmonics for tunable terahertz metamaterials," Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 10, 630-634, 2011.
doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.146 Google Scholar

13. Zhu, B., G. Ren, Y. Gao, Y. Yang, B.Wu, Y. Lian, and S. Jian, "Local field enhancement in infrared graphene-dielectric hyperbolic slot waveguies," IEEE Photonic Technology Letters, Vol. 27, No. 3, 276-279, 2015.
doi:10.1109/LPT.2014.2368192 Google Scholar

14. Yang, X., Y. Liu, R. F. Oulton, X. Yin, and X. Zhang, "Optical forces in hybird plasmonic waveguides," Nano Letter., Vol. 11, No. 2, 321-328, 2011.
doi:10.1021/nl103070n Google Scholar

15. Ginis, V., P. Tassin, C. M. Soukoulis, and I. Veretennicoff, "Enhancing optical gradient forces with metamaterials," Physical Review Letter, Vol. 110, No. 5, 66-71, 2013.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.057401 Google Scholar

16. He, Y., S. He, J. Gao, and X. Yang, "Giant transverse optical forces in nanoscale slot waveguides of hyperbolic metamaterials," Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 20, 22372-22382, 2012.
doi:10.1364/OE.20.022372 Google Scholar

17. Zhao, Q., C. Guclu, Y. Huang, F. Capolino, and O. Boyraz, "Silicon nitride waveguides for plasmon optical trapping and sensing applications," Physics, 2015. Google Scholar

18. Yang, A. H. J., S. D. Moore, B. S. Schmidet, M. Klug, M. Lipson, and D. Erickson, "Optical manipulation of nanoparticle biomolecules in sub-wavelength slot waveguides," Nature, Vol. 457, No. 7225, 71-75, 2009.
doi:10.1038/nature07593 Google Scholar

19. Zhang, T., L. Chen, and X. Li, "Graphene-based tunable broadband hyperlens for far-field subdiffraction imaging at mid-infrared frequencies," Optics Express, Vol. 21, No. 18, 20888-20899, 2013.
doi:10.1364/OE.21.020888 Google Scholar

20. Wang, B., X. Zhang, X. Yuan, and J. Teng, "Optical coupling of surface plasmons between graphene sheets," Applied physics Letter, Vol. 100, No. 13, 131111-131114, 2012.
doi:10.1063/1.3698133 Google Scholar

21. Sun, Y., Z. Zheng, J. Cheng, G. Sun, and G. Qiao, "Highly efficient second harmonic generation in hyperbolic metamaterials slot waveguides with large phase matching tolerance," Optics Express, Vol. 23, No. 5, 6370-6378, 2015.
doi:10.1364/OE.23.006370 Google Scholar

22. Shekhar, P., J. Atkinson, and Z. Jacob, "Hyperbolic metamaterials: fundamentals and apllications," Physics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-17, 2014. Google Scholar

23. He, Y., S. He, and X. Yang, "Optical field enhancement in nanoscale slot waveguides of hyperbolic metamaterials," Optics Letters, Vol. 37, No. 14, 2907-2909, 2012.
doi:10.1364/OL.37.002907 Google Scholar

24. Almeida, V. R., Q. Xu, C. A. Barrios, and M. Lipson, "Guiding and confing light in void nanostructure," Optics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 11, 1209-1211, 2004.
doi:10.1364/OL.29.001209 Google Scholar

25. Novotny, L., B. Hecht, and O. Keller, Principles of Nano-optics, Vol. 60, No. 7, 41, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
doi:10.1017/CBO9780511794193

26. Esteban, R., A. G. Borisov, P. Nordlander, and J. Aizpurua, "Bridging quantum and classical plasmonics with a quantum-corrected model," Nature Communications, Vol. 3, No. 3, 199-202, 2012. Google Scholar

27. Marinica, D. C., A. K. Kazansky, P. Nordlander, J. Aizpurua, and A. G. Borisov, "Quantum plasmonics: nonlinear effects in the field enhancement of a plasmonic nanoparticle dimer," Nano Letters, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1333-9, 2012.
doi:10.1021/nl300269c Google Scholar

28. Teperik, T. V., P. Nordlander, J. Aizpurua, and A. G. Borisov, "Quantum effects and nonlocality in strongly coupled plasmonic nanowire dimers," Optics Express, Vol. 21, No. 22, 27306-25, 2013.
doi:10.1364/OE.21.027306 Google Scholar

29. Thongrattanasiri, S., A. Manjavacas, and F. J. G. D. Abajo, "Quantum finite-size effects in graphene plasmons," Acs Nano, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1766-75, 2012.
doi:10.1021/nn204780e Google Scholar

Dr. Xu Li

Dr. Lin Cheng

Dr. Mingrui Yuan

Dr. Pengfei Cao

Dr. Xiaodong He

Dr. Xiaoping Zhang