volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This article presents a textile dual band antenna printed on an artificial heart (AH) bag for various Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) communications. The textile dual band antenna operates at two different operating frequencies 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The two operating frequencies are reserved for IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ax and IEEE 802.11j WLAN standard. The designed antenna has a frequency bandwidth of (2.3642-2.5375 GHz) for the lower frequency of 2.4 GHz and (4.598-5.1683 GHz) for the upper frequency of 5 GHz. The dual band antenna is integrated with the proposed AH bag that is made from textile material. The effects of both different materials and dimensions of the proposed AH bag in the characteristics of the proposed antenna are investigated. The effect of the human body on the electrical performance of the proposed antenna integrated with the AH bag is presented. The amount of electromagnetic absorbed energy through the human body is also determined in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR). The obtained SAR value is less than 0.12 W/Kg. This value meets the IEEE standards. Experimental verification for antenna integrated with AH bag and human body is presented.

1. Shcherbachev, A., I. Kudashov, S. Sergey, G.Itkin, A. Buchnev, E. Bychkov, and A. Galyamov, "Development of an artificial heart ventricles adaptive control system," Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT), 78-81, April 2019.

2. Shiga, T., T. Kuroda, Y. Tsuboko, H. Miura, Y. Shiraishi, and T. Yambe, "Hemodynamic effects of pressure-volume relation in the atrial contraction model on the total artificial heart using centrifugal blood pumps," 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 1815-1818, July 2013.

3. Ji, J., Z. Ling, J. Wang, W. Zhao, G. Liu, and T. Zeng, "Design and analysis of a Halbach magnetized magnetic screw for artificial heart," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 51, No. 11, 1-4, November 2015.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2015.2436691

4. Shiba, K., M. Nukaya, T. Tsuji, and K. Koshiji, "Analysis of current density and specific absorption rate in biological tissue surrounding transcutaneous transformer for an artificial heart," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 1, 205-213, January 2008.
doi:10.1109/TBME.2007.900550

5. Shah, R., et al., "SynCardia portable freedom driver: A single-center experience with 11 patients," Innovations, Vol. 10, No. 3, 188-194, June 2015.
doi:10.1097/imi.0000000000000161

6. Mertz, L., "From artificial kidneys to artificial hearts and beyond: New developments offer great hope," IEEE Pulse, Vol. 3, No. 3, 14-20, May 2012.
doi:10.1109/MPUL.2012.2189165

7. Tang, Y. S., Y. C. Tsai, T. W. Chen, S. Y. Li, and , "Artificial kidney engineering: the development of dialysis membranes for blood purification," Membranes, Vol. 12, No. 2, 177, 2022.
doi:10.3390/membranes12020177

8. Abbasi, Q. H., M. Rehman, K. Qaraqe, and A. Alomainy, "Advances in body-centric wireless communication: Applications and state-of-the-art," Institution of Engineering and Technology, 1-438, London, UK, 2016.

9. Seneviratne, S., Y. Hu, T. Nguyen, G. Lan, S. Khalifa, K. Thilakarathna, M. Hassan, and A. Seneviratne, "A survey of wearable devices and challenges," IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, Vol. 19, 2573-2620, 2017.
doi:10.1109/COMST.2017.2731979

10. Negra, R., I. Jemili, and A. Belghith, "Wireless body area networks: Applications and technologies," Procedia Comput. Sci., Vol. 83, 1274-1281, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.04.266

11. Dakir, R., J. Zbitou, Mouhsen, A. Tribak, A. M. Sanchez, and M. Latrach, "A new compact and miniaturized multiband uniplanar CPW-fed monopole antenna with T-slot inverted for multiple wireless applications," Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol., Vol. 9, 1541-1545, 2017.
doi:10.1017/S1759078717000149

12. Saraswat, R. K. and M. Kumar, "Design and implementation of a multiband metamaterial- loaded reconfigurable antenna for wireless applications," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 1-21, 2021.
doi:10.1155/2021/3888563

13. Ashyap, A. Y. I., et al., "Inverted E-shaped wearable textile antenna for medical applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 35214-35222, 2018.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2847280

14. Paracha, K. N., A. D. Butt, G. Murtaza, S. A. Babale, and P. J. Soh, "Liquid metal antennas: Materials, fabrication and applications," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1-26, October 2020.

15. Nam, H. J., Y. S. Kim, Y. J. Kim, S. Y. Nam, and S. H. Choa, "Enhanced conductivity in highly stretchable silver and polymer nanocomposite conductors," Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 21, No. 6, 3218-3226, 2021.
doi:10.1166/jnn.2021.19309

16. Kim, N., et al., "Elastic conducting polymer composites in thermoelectric modules," Nat. Commun., Vol. 11, No. 1, 1-10, 2020.
doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13993-7

17. Dils, C., L. Werft, H. Walter, M. Zwanzig, M. Von Krshiwoblozki, and M. Schneider-Ramelow, "Investigation of the mechanical and electrical properties of elastic textile/polymer composites for stretchable electronics at quasi-static or cyclic mechanical loads," Materials (Basel), Vol. 12, No. 21, November 2019.

18. Park, E. J., J. K. Sim, M.-G. Jeong, H. O. Seo, and Y. D. Kim, "Transparent and superhydrophobic films prepared with polydimethylsiloxane-coated silica nanoparticles," RSC Adv., Vol. 3, No. 31, 12571-12576, 2013.
doi:10.1039/c3ra42402b

19. Janapala, D. K., M. Nesasudha, T. M. Neebha, and R. Kumar, "Design and development of flexible PDMS antenna for UWB-WBAN applications," Wireless Personal Communications, 1-17, 2022.

20. Liao, X., et al., "High strength in combination with high toughness in robust and sustainable polymeric materials," Science, Vol. 366, 1376-1379, 2019.
doi:10.1126/science.aay9033

21. Narmadha, R. G., M. Malathi, S. A. Kumar, T. Shanmuganantham, and S. Deivasigamani, "Performance of implantable antenna at ISM band characteristics for biomedical base," ICT Express, Vol. 8, No. 2, 198-201, 2022.
doi:10.1016/j.icte.2021.05.009

22. Vivek, N., S. Kumar, and K. Shambavi, "Design of wearable antennas for 5G applications," International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), Vol. 12, 148-156, 2021.

23. Kaur, H. and P. Chawla, "Recent advances in wearable antennas: A survey," The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Intelligent Analytics for Predictive Maintenance, 149-179, 2022.

24. Vidhya, S. S., K. G. Shanthi, P. Sivalakshmi, V. S. Reddy, V. L. Varma, V. D. Kumar, and Y. P. Reddy, "Design of UWB wearable microstrip patch antenna for wireless body worn applications," AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC, Vol. 2523, No. 1, 020158, 2023.
doi:10.1063/5.0111136

25. Dhara, R., S. K. Jana, and M. Mitra, "Tri-band circularly polarized monopole antenna for wireless communication application," Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, Vol. 63, No. 4, 213-222, 2020.
doi:10.3103/S0735272720040044

26. Mazumdar, B., U. Chakraborty, and S. K. Chowdhury, "Design of compact printed antenna for WIMAX & WLAN applications," Procedia Technology, Vol. 4, 87-91, 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2012.05.011

27. Ashok Kumar, S. and T. Shanmuganantham, "Design and performance of textile antenna for wearable applications," Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials, 352-355, 2018.
doi:10.1007/s42341-018-0052-6

28. 802.11 WiFi Standards Explained, Lifewire, Retrieved, 2018.

29. WiFi Frequency Bands List, , www.radio-electronics.com, Retrieved 2018.

30. Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) ver. 14, , Ansoft Corp., 2014.

31. CST Microwave Studio, , ver. 2012, Computer Simulation Technology, Framingham, MA, 2012.

32. Regina, S. and A. Merline, "Flexible leather substrate dual-band wearable antenna with impact analysis on testing under wet condition for human rescue system," Textile Research Journal, 1-16, 2021.

33. Osman, M., M. Abd Rahim, N. Samsuri, H. Salim, and M. Ali, "Embroidered fully textile wearable antenna for medical monitoring applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 321-337, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11041208

34. Engineering ToolBox, Relative Permittivity --- The Dielectric Constant, 2010, [online] Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/relative-permittivity-d_1660.html.

35. Peng, H., Fiber Electonics, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., 2020.
doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9945-3

36. Kumar, S. A. and S. Thangavelu, "Design and analysis of implantable CPW fed X-monopole antenna for ISM band applications," Telemed. e-Health, Vol. 20, No. 3, 246-252, 2014.
doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0186

37. IEEE Standards for Safety Levels With Request to Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, , IEEE Std. C95.1, 1999.

38. ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection), "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Phys., Vol. 74, 494-522, 1998.

Dr. Walaa Hassan