volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper mainly deals with the optical properties of biological tissues that are measured using laser reflectometry method. The result is compared with the phantom and simulation values to get accurate result. The surface Backscattering was determined by laser reflectometry. The tissue equivalent phantom would be prepared with the help of white paraffin wax mixed with various colour pigments in multiple proportions. A familiar Monte Carlo Simulation is used for the analysis of the optical properties of the tissue. The normalized backscattered intensity (NBI) signals from the tissue surface, measured by the output probes after digitization are used to reconstruct the reflectance images of tissues in various layers below the skin surface. This method was useful to trace the abnormal in the tissue.

1. Kwon, O., Jeong et al. "Estimation of anomaly location and size using electrical impedance tomography," IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Eng., Vol. 50, 89-96, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TBME.2002.805474 Google Scholar

2. Anderson, R. R. and J. A. Parrish, "The optics of human skin," J. Invest. Dermotol., Vol. 77, 13-19, 1981.
doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12479191 Google Scholar

3. Van Gemert, T. M. J., S. L. Jacques, and H. J. C. Sterenborg, "Skin optics," IEEE Trans. on Biomed. Eng., Vol. 36, 1146-1154, 1989.
doi:10.1109/10.42108 Google Scholar

4. Schmitt, J. M., G. X. Zhou, and E. C. Walker, "Multilayer model of photon diffusion in skin," J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. A7, 2141-2153, 1990.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.7.002141 Google Scholar

5. Hintz, S. R., D. A. Benaron, J. P. Vanhouten, J. L. Duckworth, H. S. Lic, D. K. Stevenson, and W. F. Cheong, "Stationary head band for clinical time of flight optical imaging at the bedside," Photochem. Photobiol., Vol. 68, 361-369, 1998.
doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09693.x Google Scholar

6. Fantini, S., S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, "Assessment of the size, position and optical properties of breast tumors in viva by noninvasive optical methods," Appl. Opt., Vol. 37, 1982-1989, 1998.
doi:10.1364/AO.37.001982 Google Scholar

7. Hillmann, E. M. C., J. C. Hebden, M. Schweiger, H. Dehghani, F. E. W. Sehimdt, D. T. Delpy, and S. A. Arridge, "Time resolved optical tomography of the human forearm," Phys. Med. Boi., Vol. 46, 1117-1130, 2001.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/46/4/315 Google Scholar

8. Li, H., Y. Song, K. L. Worden, X. Jiang, A. Constantinescu, and R. P. Mason, "Non-invasive investigation for blood oxygenation dynamics of tumors by near-infrared spectroscopy," Appl. Opt., Vol. 39, 5231-5243, 2000.
doi:10.1364/AO.39.005231 Google Scholar

9. Hampel, U., E. Scheicher, H. Zepnick, and R. Freyer, "Clinical NIR spectroscopy and optical tomography of testis," Proc. SPIE2001, Vol. 4432, 210-220, 2001.
doi:10.1117/12.447137 Google Scholar

10. Jiao, S., G. Yao, and L. V. Wang, "Depth resolved two-dimensional stoke vectors of backscattered light and Mulller matrices of biological tissue measured with optical coherence tomography," Appl. Opt., Vol. 39, 6318-6324, 2000.
doi:10.1364/AO.39.006318 Google Scholar

11. Chacko, S. and M. Singh, "3-D reconstruction of transillumination tomographic images of human breast phantoms by red and infrared lasers," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., Vol. 47, 131-135, 2000.
doi:10.1109/10.817628 Google Scholar

12. Cubeddu, R., A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricerlli, and G. Valentinil, "Imaging with diffusing light: An experimental study on the effect of the background optical properties," Appl. Opt., Vol. 37, 3564-3573, 1998.
doi:10.1364/AO.37.003564 Google Scholar

13. Schmitt, J. M., G. X. Zhou, and E. C.Walkker, "Multilayer model of photon diffusion in skin," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, Vol. 7, 2141-2153, 1990.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.7.002141 Google Scholar

14. Colak, S. B., M. B. Van Mark, G. W. Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. Van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, "Clinical optical tomography and NIR spectroscopy for breast cancer detection," IEEE J. Select Topics Quantum Electron., Vol. 5, 143-1158, 1999.
doi:10.1109/2944.796341 Google Scholar

15. Chacko, S. and M. Singh, "Multi-layer imaging of human organs by measurement of laser back-scattering radiation," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., Vol. 37, 278-284, 1999.
doi:10.1007/BF02513300 Google Scholar

16. Colak, S. B., M. B. Van Mark, G. W. Hoof, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. Van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, "Clinical optical tomography and NIR spectroscopy for breast cancer detection," IEEE J. Select Topics Quantum Electron., Vol. 5, 1143-1158, 1999.
doi:10.1109/2944.796341 Google Scholar

17. Cubeddu, R., A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. A. Valentini, "Solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 42, 1971-1979, 1997.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/42/10/011 Google Scholar

18. Dehghani, H. and D. T. Delpy, "Near infrared spectroscopy of adult head. Effect of scattering and absorbing obstructions in the cerebro spinal fluid layer on light on light distribution in the tissue," Appl. Op., Vol. 39, 4721-4729, 2000.
doi:10.1364/AO.39.004721 Google Scholar

19. Flock, S. T., M. S. Patterson, B. C. Wilson, and D. R. Wyman, "Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation in highly scattering tissue --- I: Model predictions and comparison with diffusion theory," IEEE Trans. Biomed., Vol. 36, 1162-1168, 1989.
doi:10.1109/TBME.1989.1173624 Google Scholar

20. Grosenick, D., H. Wabnitz, H. Hrinneberg, and K. T. Oesta, "Development of a time-domain optical mannography and first invivo applications ," Appl. Opt., Vol. 38, 2927-2943, 1999.
doi:10.1364/AO.38.002927 Google Scholar

21. Van Stavren, H. J., C. J. M. Moses, J. Van Maries, S. A. Prahl, and M. J. C. Van, "Light scattering in intra lipid 10% in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm," Appl. Opt., Vol. 30, 4507-4514, 1991.
doi:10.1364/AO.30.004507 Google Scholar

22. Farrell, T. J., M. S. Patterson, and M. Essenpresis, "Influence of layered tissue architecture on estimates of tissue optical properties obtained from spatially resolved diffuse reflectometry ," Appl. Opt., Vol. 37, 1958-1972, 1998.
doi:10.1364/AO.37.001958 Google Scholar

23. Chinn, S. R., E. A. Swanson, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Optical coherencetomography using a frequency tunable optical source," Opt. Lett., Vol. 22, 340-342, 1997.
doi:10.1364/OL.22.000340 Google Scholar

24. Pougue, B. W., et al. "Three dimensional simulation of near infrared diffusion in tissue: Boundary condition and geometry analysis for finite-element image reconstruction," Appl. Optics, Vol. 40, 588-599, 2001.
doi:10.1364/AO.40.000588 Google Scholar

25. Mitic, G., J. Kober, J. Otto, E. Piles, E. Solkner, and W. Zinth, "Time gated transillumination of biological tissues and tissue like phantoms ," Appl. Opt., Vol. 33, 6699-6709, 1994.
doi:10.1364/AO.33.006699 Google Scholar

26. Anderson-Engles, S., R. Berg, S. Svanberg, and O. Jarlman, "Time resolved transillumination for medical diagnostics," Opt. Lett., Vol. 15, 1179-1181, 1990.
doi:10.1364/OL.15.001179 Google Scholar

27. Torricelli, A., A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu, "Invivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time resolved reflectance spectroscopy," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 46, 2227-2237, 2001.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/46/8/313 Google Scholar

28. Arridge, S. R., Z. P. Vander, D. T. Delpy, and M. Cope, "Reconstruction methods of infra-red absorption imaging," Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1431, 204-215, 1991.
doi:10.1117/12.44191 Google Scholar

29. Shanthi, S. and M. Singh, "Laser reflectance imaging of human organs and comparison with perfusion images," Med. Biol.Eng. Comput., Vol. 35, 253-258, 1997.
doi:10.1007/BF02530046 Google Scholar

Dr. G. Jagajothi

Dr. Singaravelu Raghavan