volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

We present the design, optimization, and analyses of efficient couplers to construct nano-optical transmission systems involving nanowires. The couplers consist of optimized arrangements of nanocubes and are integrated into critical locations, such as nanowire inputs, corners, and junctions, to improve electromagnetic transmission in accordance with design purposes. Optimization and numerical analyses are performed by employing an efficient simulation environment based on a full-wave solver and genetic algorithms. Using the designed couplers, we obtain various configurations that enable efficient transmission and distribution of input powers to multiple outputs. With their favorable properties, the designed couplers and constructed systems can be further used to build larger nanowire networks.

1. Wang, X., C. J. Summers, and Z. L. Wang, "Large-scale hexagonal-patterned growth of aligned ZnO nanorods for nano-optoelectronics and nanosensor arrays," Nano Lett., Vol. 4, No. 3, 423-426, Jan. 2004.
doi:10.1021/nl035102c Google Scholar

2. Ditlbacher, H., A. Hohenau, D. Wagner, U. Kreibig, M. Rogers, F. Hofer, F. R. Aussenegg, and J. R. Krenn, "Silver nanowires as surface plasmon resonators," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 95, No. 257403, Dec. 2005. Google Scholar

3. Sanders, A. W., D. A. Routenberg, B. J. Wiley, Y. Xia, E. R. Dufresne, and M. A. Reed, "Observation of plasmon propagation, redirection, and fan-out in silver nanowires," Nano Lett., Vol. 6, No. 8, 1822-1826, Jun. 2006.
doi:10.1021/nl052471v Google Scholar

4. Akimov, A. V., A. Mukherjee, C. L. Yu, D. E. Chang, A. S. Zibrov, P. R. Hemmer, H. Park, and M. D. Lukin, "Generation of single optical plasmons in metallic nanowires coupled to quantum dots," Nature, Vol. 450, No. 7168, 402-406, Nov. 2007.
doi:10.1038/nature06230 Google Scholar

5. Yao, J., Z. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, C. Sun, G. Bartal, A. M. Stacy, and X. Zhang, "Optical negative refraction in bulk metamaterials of nanowires," Science, Vol. 321, No. 5891, 930, Aug. 2008.
doi:10.1126/science.1157566 Google Scholar

6. Guo, X., M. Qiu, J. Bao, B. J. Wiley, Q. Yang, X. Zhang, Y. Ma, H. Yu, and L. Tong, "Direct coupling of plasmonic and photonic nanowires for hybrid nanophotonic components and circuits," Nano Lett., Vol. 9, No. 12, 4515-4519, 2009.
doi:10.1021/nl902860d Google Scholar

7. Casse, B. D. F., W. T. Lu, Y. J. Huang, E. Gultepe, and L. Menon, "Super-resolution imaging using a three-dimensional metamaterials nanolens," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 96, No. 023114, Jan. 2010. Google Scholar

8. Wang, W., Q. Yang, F. Fan, H. Xu, and Z. L. Wang, "Light propagation in curved silver nanowire plasmonic waveguides," Nano Lett., Vol. 11, No. 4, 1603-1608, Mar. 2011.
doi:10.1021/nl104514m Google Scholar

9. Bergin, S. M., Y. Chen, A. R. Rathmell, P. Charbonneau, Z. Y. Lib, and B. J. Wiley, "The effect of nanowire length and diameter on the properties of transparent, conducting nanowire films," Nanoscale, Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996-2004, Feb. 2012.
doi:10.1039/c2nr30126a Google Scholar

10. Huang, Y., Y. Fang, Z. Zhang, L. Zhu, and M. Sun, "Nanowire-supported plasmonic waveguide for remote excitation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering," Light: Science and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 199, Aug. 2014. Google Scholar

11. Yılmaz, A., B. Karaosmanoglu, and O. Ergul, "Computational electromagnetic analysis of deformed nanowires using the multilevel fast multipole algorithm," Sci. Rep., Vol. 5, No. 8469, Feb. 2015. Google Scholar

12. Satana, H. A., B. Karaosmanoglu, and O. Ergul, "A comparative study of nanowire arrays for maximum power transmission," Nanowires, K. Maaz, Ed., InTech, 2017. Google Scholar

13. Altınoklu, A. and O. Ergul, "Nano-optical couplers for efficient power transmission along sharply bended nanowires," ACES J., Vol. 34, No. 2, 228-233, Feb. 2019. Google Scholar

14. Chew, W. C., J.-M. Jin, E. Michielssen, and J. Song, Fast and Efficient Algorithms in Computational Electromagnetics, Artech House, Boston, 2001.

15. Ergul, O. and L. Gurel, "The Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA) for Solving Large-Scale Computational Electromagnetics Problems," Wiley-IEEE, 2014. Google Scholar

16. Karaosmanoglu, B., A. Yılmaz, U. M. Gur, and O. Ergul, "Solutions of plasmonic structures using the multilevel fast multipole algorithm," Int. J. RF Microwave Comput.-Aided. Eng., Vol. 26, No. 4, 335-341, May 2016.
doi:10.1002/mmce.20976 Google Scholar

17. Onol, C., B. Karaosmanoglu, and O. Ergul, "Efficient and accurate electromagnetic optimizations based on approximate forms of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 15, 1113-1115, Apr. 2016.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2495237 Google Scholar

18. Altinoklu, A. and O. Ergul, "Computational design and analysis of efficient couplers for nano-optical links," 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium — Spring (PIERS-Spring), 91-99, Rome, Italy, Jun. 17–20, 2019. Google Scholar

19. Altınoklu, A., G. Karaova, and O. Ergul, "Design and analysis of nano-optical networks consisting of nanowires and optimized couplers," Proc. Int. Conf. on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), 931-936, 2019. Google Scholar

20. Karaosmanoglu, B., A. Yılmaz, and O. Ergul, "A comparative study of surface integral equations for accurate and efficient analysis of plasmonic structures," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 65, No. 6, 3049-3057, Jun. 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2017.2696954 Google Scholar

21. Onol, C., A. Ucuncu, and O. Ergul, "Efficient multilayer iterative solutions of electromagnetic problems using approximate forms of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 16, 3253-3256, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2771523 Google Scholar

22. Rao, S. M., D. R. Wilton, and A. W. Glisson, "Electromagnetic scattering by surfaces of arbitrary shape," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 30, No. 3, 409-418, Mar. 1982.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1982.1142818 Google Scholar

Dr. Aşkın Altınoklu

Professor Özgür Ergül