volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The rate at which powerline communication (PLC) impulsive noise arrives and lasts in the channel determines the severity of signal degradation, with impulsive noise bursts capable of causing complete signal loss. Consequently, the PLC impulsive noise requires an appropriate description to enhance the reliability and effective utilisation of the PLC channel. This paper employs the queuing theory approach to analyse and model the PLC impulsive noise inter-arrival and service time distribution, where the impulsive noise is categorised into single-impulse noise events and burst-impulse noise events. The Erlang-k distribution is proposed for modelling both the inter-arrival and service time distributions for the PLC impulsive noise with the process viewed as an infinite queue with a single server. The impulse noise events are assumed to traverse k stages before entering the PLC network and also pass through k stages before leaving the PLC network, with each of the stages following an exponential distribution. The proposed models are then validated through measurements from different indoor environments and compared to the exponential distribution model, commonly employed in modelling inter-arrival and duration of PLC impulsive noise. The E_k/E_k/1 queue model is determined to adequately model the burst-impulse noise events. In regards to the single-impulse noise events, the exponential distribution is observed to provide a suitable fit for the inter-arrival time distribution. The occurrence of PLC impulsive noise events is also found to achieve a state of equilibrium for all the measurement data under study.

1. Karakuş, Oktay, Ercan E. Kuruoğlu, and Mustafa A. Altınkaya, "Modelling impulsive noise in indoor powerline communication systems," Signal, Image and Video Processing, Vol. 14, No. 8, 1655-1661, 2020. Google Scholar

2. Zimmermann, Manfred and Klaus Dostert, "Analysis and modeling of impulsive noise in broad-band powerline communications," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 44, No. 1, 249-258, 2002. Google Scholar

3. Meng, H., Y. L. Guan, and S. Chen, "Modeling and analysis of noise effects on broadband power-line communications," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 2, 630-637, 2005. Google Scholar

4. Vines, Roger M., H. Joel Trissell, Louis J. Gale, and J. Ben O'neal, "Noise on residential power distribution circuits," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. EMC-26, No. 4, 161-168, 1984. Google Scholar

5. Zimmermann, M. and K. Dostert, "An analysis of the broadband noise scenario in powerline networks," [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17243131, 2006.

6. Awino, Steven O., T. J. Afullo, Modisa Mosalaosi, and Peter O. Akuon, "Measurements and statistical modelling for time behaviour of power line communication impulsive noise," International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 9, No. 4, 236-246, 2019. Google Scholar

7. Degardin, V., M. Lienard, A. Zeddam, F. Gauthier, and P. Degauquel, "Classification and characterization of impulsive noise on indoor powerline used for data communications," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 48, No. 4, 913-918, 2002. Google Scholar

8. Asiyo, Mike O. and Thomas J. O. Afullo, "Analysis of bursty impulsive noise in low-voltage indoor power line communication channels: Local scaling behaviour," SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol. 108, No. 3, 98-107, 2017. Google Scholar

9. Herath, S. P., Nghi H. Tran, and Tho Le-Ngoc, "On optimal input distribution and capacity limit of Bernoulli-Gaussian impulsive noise channels," 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 3429-3433, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Jun. 2012.

10. Ndo, Gaëtan, Fabrice Labeau, and Marthe Kassouf, "A Markov-Middleton model for bursty impulsive noise: Modeling and receiver design," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2317-2325, 2013. Google Scholar

11. Shongwe, Thokozani, A. J. Han Vinck, and Hendrik C. Ferreira, "A study on impulse noise and its models," SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol. 106, No. 3, 119-131, 2015. Google Scholar

12. Rouissi, F., A. J. Han Vinck, H. Gassara, and A. Ghazel, "Statistical characterization and modelling of impulse noise on indoor narrowband PLC environment," 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), 1-6, Madrid, Spain, Apr. 2017.

13. Chelangat, F. and T. Afullo, "Low-voltage plc noise modelling," International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP), Vol. 12, No. 237, 2022. Google Scholar

14. Letizia, Nunzio A., Andrea M. Tonello, and Davide Righini, "Learning to synthesize noise: The multiple conductor power line case," 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), 1-6, Malaga, Spain, May 2020.

15. Letizia, Nunzio A. and Andrea M. Tonello, "Capacity learning for communication systems over power lines," 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), 55-60, Aachen, Germany, Oct. 2021.

16. Righini, Davide and Andrea M. Tonello, "Automatic clustering of noise in multi-conductor narrow band PLC channels," 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), 1-6, Prague, Czech Republic, Apr. 2019.

17. Chelangat, Florence and Thomas Joachim Odhiambo Afullo, "Variational bayesian learning for the modelling of indoor broadband powerline communication impulsive noise," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 100, 109-131, 2023.
doi:10.2528/PIERB23020808 Google Scholar

18. Awino, S. O., T. J. O. Afullo, M. Mosalaosi, and P. O. Akuon, "GMM estimation and BER of bursty impulsive noise in low-voltage PLC networks," 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring), 1828-1834, IEEE, Jun. 2019.

19. Mosalaosi, M. and T. J. O. Afullo, "Prediction of asynchronous impulsive noise volatility for indoor powerline communication systems using GARCH models," 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS), 4876-4880, Shanghai, China, Aug. 2016.

20. Awino, S. O., T. J. O. Afullo, M. Mosalaosi, and P. O. Akuon, "Time series analysis of impulsive noise in power line communication (PLC) networks," SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4, 237-249, 2018. Google Scholar

21. Gilbert, Edgar N., "Capacity of a burst-noise channel," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 39, No. 5, 1253-1265, 1960. Google Scholar

22. Rouissi, F., H. Gassara, A. Ghazel, and S. Najjar, "Comparative study of impulse noise models in the narrow band indoor PLC environment," 10th Workshop on Power Line Communications, Paris, France, Oct. 2016.

23. Rouissi, F., V. Degardin, A. Ghazel, M. Lienard, and F. Gauthier, "Impulsive noise modelling using markov chains in indoor-environment-comparison with stochastic model," 2005 12th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 1-4, IEEE, Dec. 2005.

24. Tanaka, Masaoki, "High frequency noise power spectrum, impedance and transmission loss of power line in japan on intrabuilding power line communications," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 34, No. 2, 321-326, 1988. Google Scholar

25. Bai, Tong, Hongming Zhang, Jingjing Wang, Chao Xu, Maged Elkashlan, Arumugam Nallanathan, and Lajos Hanzo, "Fifty years of noise modeling and mitigation in power-line communications," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 23, No. 1, 41-69, 2020. Google Scholar

26. Awino, Steven O., Thomas J. O. Afuflo, Modisa Mosalaosi, and Peter O. Akuon, "Empirical identification of narrowband interference in broadband PLC networks at the receiver," 2018 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS-Toyama), 2160-2164, Toyama, Japan, Aug. 2018.

27. Alaya, Raja and Rabah Attia, "Narrowband powerline communication measurement and analysis in the low voltage distribution network," 2019 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 1-6, IEEE, Sep. 2019.

28. Yin, Jun, Xu Zhu, and Yi Huang, "3D Markov chain based narrowband interference model for in-home broadband power line communication," 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 1-6, IEEE, Dec. 2016.

29. Asiyo, M. O. and T. J. Afullo, "Prediction of long-range dependence in cyclostationary noise in low-voltage PLC networks," 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS), 4954-4958, Shanghai, China, Aug. 2016.

30. Ohno, Osamu, Masaaki Katayama, Takaya Yamazato, and Akira Ogawa, "A simple model of cyclostationary power-line noise for communication systems," International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications (ISPLC), 115-122, 1998.

31. Pande, Tarkesh, Il Han Kim, and Anuj Batra, "A method for narrowband interference mitigation in OFDM by minimizing spectral leakage," 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications (ISPLC), 19-23, Austin, TX, USA, Mar.-Apr. 2015.

32. Chelangat, F. and T. J. O. Afullo, "Modelling of the powerline communication bursty impulsive noise," 2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), 1450-1455, Prague, Czech Republic, Jul. 2023.

33. Chaouche, Hassina, Frederic Gauthier, Ahmed Zeddam, Mohamed Tlich, and Mohamed Machmoum, "Time domain modeling of powerline impulsive noise at its source," Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 9, 2011. Google Scholar

34. Chelangat, F. and T. J. O. Afullo, "Analysis of the steady-state distribution of plc impulsive noise characteristics," 2023 Southern Africa Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (SATNAC), 163-167, 2023.

35. Samakande, T., Thokozani Shongwe, Arnold S. de Beer, and Hendrik C. Ferreira, "The effect of coupling circuits on impulsive noise in power line communication," 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), 1-5, Manchester, UK, Apr. 2018.

36. Antoniali, Massimo, Fabio Versolatto, and Andrea M. Tonello, "An experimental characterization of the PLC noise at the source," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1068-1075, 2016. Google Scholar

37. Bhat, U. Narayan, An Introduction to Queueing Theory: Modeling and Analysis in Applications, Vol. 36, Springer, 2008.
doi:10.1007/978-0-8176-4725-4

38. Hillier, Frederick S. and Gerald J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, McGraw Hill, 2015.

Ms. Florence Chelangat

Prof. Thomas Joachim Odhiambo Afullo