volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A fully numerical process for the systematic design of fully-planar antennas for 5G communications frequencies is presented, utilizing a metamaterial-enhanced SIW as the basis platform. A combined modal analysis and wave propagation Finite Element modeling is proposed for the accurate design of the waveguiding structure towards its leakage loss minimization. Based on this robust numerical schemes, two different types of fully-planar antennas are designed. A leaky-wave fully-planar two-slot antenna and an H-plane end-fire sectoral horn antenna. Both structures are viable candidates for integration in 5G communications platforms, exhibiting attractive characteristics such as optimized gain and bandwidth, low cost, compactness, and ease of fabrication.

1. Nwajana, Augustine O. and Emenike Raymond Obi, "A review on SIW and its applications to microwave components," Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 7, 1160, 2022. Google Scholar

2. Bozzi, Maurizio, Anthimos Georgiadis, and Kaijie Wu, "Review of substrate-integrated waveguide circuits and antennas," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 5, No. 8, 909-920, 2011. Google Scholar

3. Milias, Christos, Rasmus B. Andersen, Pavlos I. Lazaridis, Zaharias D. Zaharis, Bilal Muhammad, Jes T. B. Kristensen, Albena Mihovska, and Dan D. S. Hermansen, "Metamaterial-inspired antennas: A review of the state of the art and future design challenges," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 89846-89865, 2021. Google Scholar

4. Kumar, Lalit, Vandana Nath, and B. V. R. Reddy, "A wideband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna using shorted vias for 5G communications," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 171, 154879, 2023. Google Scholar

5. Naseri, Hassan, Peyman PourMohammadi, Amjad Iqbal, Ahmed A. Kishk, and Tayeb A. Denidni, "SIW-based self-quadruplexing antenna for microwave and mm-wave frequencies," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 7, 1482-1486, 2022. Google Scholar

6. Serhsouh, Imane, Mohamed Himdi, Hassan Lebbar, and Hamsakutty Vettikalladi, "Reconfigurable SIW antenna for fixed frequency beam scanning and 5G applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 60084-60089, 2020. Google Scholar

7. Lu, Rong, Chao Yu, Fan Wu, Zhiqiang Yu, Liyu Zhu, Jianyi Zhou, Pinpin Yan, and Wei Hong, "SIW cavity-fed filtennas for 5G millimeter-wave applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 69, No. 9, 5269-5277, 2021. Google Scholar

8. Iqbal, Amjad, Jun Jiat Tiang, Sew Kin Wong, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Francisco Falcone, and Ernesto Limiti, "Miniaturization trends in substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filters: A review," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 223287-223305, 2020. Google Scholar

9. Sun, Xiaonan, Jitong Ma, Yulin Feng, Jun Shi, and Zhixia Xu, "Compact substrate integrated waveguide filtering antennas: A review," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 91906-91922, 2022. Google Scholar

10. Nitas, Michalis, Maria-Thaleia Passia, and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "Fully planar slow‐wave substrate integrated waveguide based on broadside‐coupled complementary split ring resonators for mmWave and 5G components," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 14, No. 10, 1096-1107, 2020. Google Scholar

11. Christogeorgos, Orestis, Maria-Thaleia Passia, Michalis Nitas, and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "Design of fully-planar CSRR-based substrate integrated waveguide circuits," 2019 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), 0289-0293, Granada, Spain, Sep. 2019.

12. Nitas, Michalis, Vasilieios Salonikios, Savvas Raptis, and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "Analysis and design of fully planar CSRR-enhanced substrate-integrated waveguides and slot antennas for 5G communications," 2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST), 1-5, Thessaloniki, Greece, May 2018.

13. Passia, Maria-Thaleia and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "A uniplanar substrate integrated waveguide based on edge-coupled complementary split-ring resonators for millimeter-wave components," 2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 1-5, IEEE, Mar. 2021.

14. Amanatiadis, Stamatios A., Vasileios Salonikios, Michalis Nitas, Theodoros Zygiridis, Nikolaos V. Kantartzis, and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "Sensitivity analysis of metamaterial-inspired SIW focusing on resonator misalignment," IEEE Access, Vol. 12, 63942-63949, 2024. Google Scholar

15. Nitas, Michalis, Vasileios Salonikios, and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "Alternative finite element eigenvalue formulations for the simulation of arbitrarily bianisotropic media," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 71, No. 2, 570-578, 2023. Google Scholar

16. Nitas, M., C. S. Antonopoulos, and T. V. Yioultsis, "E-B eigenmode formulation for the analysis of lossy and evanescent modes in periodic structures and metamaterials," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 53, No. 6, 1-4, 2017. Google Scholar

17. Nitas, Michalis, Vasileios Salonikios, Stamatios Amanatiadis, and Samel Arslanagic, "Field-flux finite element formulation for wave propagation in bianisotropic media," 2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 1-4, Florence, Italy, Mar. 2023.

18. Salonikios, V., M. Nitas, S. Raptis, and T. Yioultsis, "Computational analysis of graphene-based periodic structures via a three-dimensional field-flux eigenmode finite element formulation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 92, 157-167, 2020.
doi:10.2528/PIERM20010302 Google Scholar

19. Nitas, Michalis and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "Electromagnetic parameter retrieval technique utilizing eigenvalue analysis and field averaging," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 131, No. 11, 2022. Google Scholar

20. Nitas, Michalis, Maria Kafesaki, and Samel Arslanagic, "Metasurface characterization based on eigenmode analysis and averaging of electromagnetic fields," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 134, No. 12, 2023. Google Scholar

21. Nitas, Michalis and Traianos V. Yioultsis, "Characterization of edge-coupled broadside-coupled and complementary split-ring resonator periodic media based on numerical solutions of eigenvalue problems," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 69, No. 12, 5259-5269, 2021. Google Scholar

22. Lin, Yuxin, Yiming Zhang, Hui Liu, Yuan Zhang, Erik Forsberg, and Sailing He, "A simple high-gain millimeter-wave leaky-wave slot antenna based on a bent corrugated SIW," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 91999-92006, 2020. Google Scholar

23. Singh, Jaget, Fateh Lal Lohar, and B. S. Sohi, "Design of dual band millimeter wave antenna using SIW material for 5G cellular network applications," Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 45, 5405-5409, 2021. Google Scholar

24. Lyu, Yue-Long, Xiao-Xin Liu, Peng-Yuan Wang, Daniel Erni, Qun Wu, Cong Wang, Nam-Young Kim, and Fan-Yi Meng, "Leaky-wave antennas based on noncutoff substrate integrated waveguide supporting beam scanning from backward to forward," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 6, 2155-2164, 2016. Google Scholar

25. Javanbakht, Nima, Barry Syrett, Rony E. Amaya, and Jafar Shaker, "A review of reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 94224-94238, 2021. Google Scholar

26. Chen, Yaling, Long Zhang, Yejun He, Chunxu Mao, and Steven Shichang Gao, "A low-cost, quad-beam, dual-polarized, 2-D leaky wave antenna with wide-angle beam scanning for millimeter-wave applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 9, 7342-7353, 2023. Google Scholar

27. Li, Wen-Hua, Bian Wu, Hao-Ran Zu, Tao Su, and Yi-Feng Fan, "Design of leaky-wave antenna with wide-angle backfire-to-forward beam scanning based on generalized pattern synthesis," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, Vol. 70, No. 7, 2625-2629, 2023. Google Scholar

28. Arya, Vivek, Tanuj Garg, and Hamza Mohammed Ridha Al-Khafaji, "SIW leaky wave antenna for THz applications," Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 8, 1839, 2023. Google Scholar

29. Zheng, Dongze, Chi Hou Chan, and Ke Wu, "Leaky-wave structures and techniques for integrated front-end antenna systems," IEEE Journal of Microwaves, Vol. 3, No. 1, 368-397, 2022. Google Scholar

30. Ali, Muhammad Zaka and Qasim Umar Khan, "High gain backward scanning substrate integrated waveguide leaky wave antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 69, No. 1, 562-565, 2020. Google Scholar

31. Esquius-Morote, Marc, Benjamin Fuchs, Jean-François Zürcher, and Juan R. Mosig, "A printed transition for matching improvement of SIW horn antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 4, 1923-1930, 2013. Google Scholar

32. Chen, Yaling, Long Zhang, Yejun He, Chunxu Mao, Sai-Wai Wong, Wenting Li, Peng Chu, and Steven Gao, "Broadband high-gain SIW horn antenna loaded with tapered multistrip transition and dielectric slab for mm-Wave application," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70, No. 7, 5947-5952, 2022. Google Scholar

33. Zhang, Yin, Jing-Ya Deng, Dongquan Sun, Jia-Yuan Yin, and Li-Xin Guo, "Compact slow-wave SIW H-plane horn antenna with increased gain for vehicular millimeter wave communication," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 70, No. 7, 7289-7293, 2021. Google Scholar

34. Chen, Yaling, Long Zhang, Yejun He, Sai-Wai Wong, Wenting Li, and Steven Gao, "A broadband high-gain H-plane SIW horn antenna," 2020 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), 1-3, Shanghai, China, Sep. 2020.

35. Cao, Yufan, Yang Cai, Lei Wang, Zuping Qian, and Lei Zhu, "A review of substrate integrated waveguide end-fire antennas," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 66243-66253, 2018. Google Scholar

36. Liu, Long, Tao-Long Bai, Jing-Ya Deng, Dongquan Sun, Yin Zhang, Ting Yong, Shi-Gang Zhou, and Li-Xin Guo, "Substrate integrated waveguide filtering horn antenna facilitated by embedded via-hole arrays," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 7, 1187-1191, 2020. Google Scholar

37. Haghparast, Amir Hossein and Pejman Rezaei, "High performance H-plane horn antenna using groove gap waveguide technology," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 163, 154620, 2023. Google Scholar

38. Wang, Jingxue, Fan Wu, Zhi Hao Jiang, Yujian Li, and Defu Jiang, "A millimeter-wave substrate integrated waveguide H-plane horn antenna with enhanced gain and efficiency," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 4, 769-773, 2022. Google Scholar

39. Huang, Sheng, King Yuk Chan, and Rodica Ramer, "Dielectric-loaded SIW H-plane horn antenna with gradient air slots," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 20, No. 1, 43-47, 2020. Google Scholar

40. Esfandiarpour, Samaneh and Alireza Mallahzadeh, "Wideband H-plane horn antenna based on ridge substrate integrated waveguide," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2012. Google Scholar

41. Liu, Long, Tao-Long Bai, Jing-Ya Deng, Dongquan Sun, Yin Zhang, Ting Yong, Shi-Gang Zhou, and Li-Xin Guo, "Substrate integrated waveguide filtering horn antenna facilitated by embedded via-hole arrays," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 7, 1187-1191, 2020. Google Scholar

42. Wang, Lei, Xiaoxing Yin, Shunli Li, Hongxin Zhao, Leilei Liu, and Ming Zhang, "Phase corrected substrate integrated waveguide H-plane horn antenna with embedded metal-via arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 4, 1854-1861, 2014. Google Scholar

43. Wang, Lei, Marc Esquius-Morote, Hongye Qi, Xiaoxing Yin, and Juan R. Mosig, "Phase corrected H-plane horn antenna in gap SIW technology," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 1, 347-353, 2016. Google Scholar

Dr. Vasileios Salonikios

Dr. Stamatios A. Amanatiadis

Dr. Michalis Nitas