volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

All wireless communication systems are moving towards higher and higher frequencies day by day which are severely attenuated by rains in outdoor environment. To design a reliable RF system, an accurate prediction method of rain attenuation is established and used globally based on local rain intensity measurement. Required rain intensity used for attenuation prediction is generally measured at a point with 1-min integration time or converted from higher integration time to 1-min. Recent measurements of rain intensity with a 10-second integration time indicate that intensity is not uniform over a 1-minute duration. Consequently, the statistics of rain intensity distribution and attenuation predictions are influenced by measurements with integration times shorter than 1 minute. It has been established that an integration time of 0.01% provides the optimal fit for actual rain rate data. This paper presents the rain intensity distributions from data measured with 2-min, 1-min, 30-sec, 20-sec, and 10-sec integration times, and it has impact on rain rate distributions as well as rain attenuation predictions.

1. ITU-R P.530-18, "Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems," 530-18, Sep. 2021.

2. ITU-R P.618-14, "Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space telecommunication systems," 618-14, Aug. 2023.
doi:The server didn't respond in time.

3. ITU-R P.837-7, "Characteristic of precipitation for propagation model," 837-7, Jun. 2017.

4. Ismail, A. F. and P. A. Watson, "Characteristics of fading and fade countermeasures on a satellite-Earth link operating in an equatorial climate, with reference to broadcast applications," IEE Proceedings --- Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 147, No. 5, 369-373, 2000.

5. Budalal, Asma Ali Hussein, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Khaizuran Abdullah, and Tharek Abdul Rahman, "Modification of distance factor in rain attenuation prediction for short-range millimeter-wave links," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 6, 1027-1031, Jun. 2020.

6. Lin, S. H., "Dependence of rain-rate distribution on rain-gauge integration time," The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 55, No. 1, 135-141, Jan. 1976.

7. Ong, J. T. and C. N. Zhu, "Effects of integration time on rain rate statistics for Singapore," Tenth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (Conf. Publ. No. 436), Vol. 2, 273-276, Edinburgh, UK, 1997.

8. Lee, Joo-Hwan, Yang-Su Kim, Jong-Ho Kim, and Yong-Seok Choi, "Empirical conversion process of rain rate distribution for various integration time," 2000 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No. 00TH8522), Vol. 2, 1593-1597, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2000.

9. Jung, Myoung-Won, Il-Tak Han, Moon-Young Choi, Joo-Hwan Lee, and Jeong-Ki Pack, "Study on the empirical prediction of 1-min rain rate distribution from various integration time data," 2007 Korea-Japan Microwave Conference, 89-92, Naha, Japan, 2007.

10. Fukuchi, Hajime, "Integration time dependence of rainfall rate spatial correlation derived from radar rain map," 2018 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 1-2, Busan, Korea (South), 2018.

11. Rafiqul, I., M. Alam, A. K. Lwas, and S. Y. Mohamad, "Rain rate distributions for microwave link design based on long term measurement in Malaysia," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1023-1029, 2018.
doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i3.pp1023-1029

12. Moupfouma, F., "Point rainfall rate cumulative distribution function valid at various locations," Electronic Letters, Vol. 29, No. 17, 1993.
doi:10.1049/el:19931002

13. Moupfouma, F. and O. D. Oyedum, "Recent advances in the global moupfoma model for tropical rain attenuation prediction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 3, 456-463, 2023.

14. Moupfouma, F. and E. R. Martins, "Further modifications to the global Moupfoma model for tropical rain attenuation prediction," PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium, 234-241, Prague, Czech Republic, Jul. 2023.

15. Moupfouma, F. and O. D. Oyedum, "Modifications to the global moupfoma model for improved rain attenuation prediction in tropical regions," Radio Science, Vol. 57, No. 3, 1-12, 2022.

16. Chebil, J. and T. A. Rahman, "Development of 1 min rain rate contour maps for microwave application in Malaysia Peninsula," Electronic Letters, Vol. 35, No. 20, 1999.
doi:10.1049/el:19991188

17. Crane, R. K., "Prediction of attenuation by rain," IEEE Transaction on Communication, Vol. 28, No. 9, 1717-1733, Sep. 1980.
doi:10.1109/TCOM.1980.1094844

18. Ojo, J. S. and M. O. Ajewole, "Recent developments in the CRENE model for rain attenuation prediction," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 22, No. 5, 321-328, 2023.

19. Rice, P. L. and R. K. Holmberg, "Recent developments in the CRENE model for rain attenuation prediction," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 21, No. 10, 1131-1136, 1973.
doi:10.1109/TCOM.1973.1091546

20. Holmberg, J. and P. L. Rice, "Application of the Rice Holmberg model in tropical regions: Recent findings," Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 235, 1-10, 2023.

21. Holmberg, J. and P. L. Rice, "Revisiting the Rice Holmberg model for rain attenuation prediction," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 59, No. 6, 4567-4578, 2021.

22. Momin, M., M. M. Alam, M. M. H. Mahfuz, M. R. Islam, M. H. Habaebi, and K. Badron, "Prediction of rain attenuation on earth-to-satellite link using rain rate measurement with various integration times," 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 385-390, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Jun. 2021.

23. Marzuki, M., H. Hashiguchi, T. Shimomai, and W. L. Randeu, "Cumulative distributions of rainfall rate over Sumatra," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 49, 1-8, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIERM16043007

24. Obiyemi, O. O., J. Ojo, and T. S. Ibiyemi, "Performance analysis of rain rate models for microwave propagation designs over tropical climate," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 39, 115-122, 2014.
doi:10.2528/PIERM14083003

25. Livieratos, S. N., Z. Ioannidis, S. Savaidis, S. Mitilineos, and N. Stathopoulos, "A new prediction method of rain attenuation along millimeter wave links based on a bivariate model for the effective path length and Weibull distribution," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 97, 29-41, 2019.
doi:10.2528/PIERC19081704

26. Ulaganathen, K., T. B. A. Rahman, A. Y. Abdulrahman, and S. K. B. A. Rahim, "Comparative studies of the rain attenuation predictions for tropical regions," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 18, 17-30, 2011.

27. Ghanim, M., M. Alhilali, J. Din, and H. Y. Lam, "Rain attenuation statistics over 5G millimetre wave links in Malaysia," 2018 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI), 266-269, Malang, Indonesia, 2018.

28. ITU-R P.838-3, "Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods," Mar. 2005.

Mr. Mohammad Rofiqul Hassan

Professor Islam Md. Rafiqul

Dr. Mohamed Hadi Habaebi

Dr. Ahmad Zabidi Suriza

Mrs. Khairayu Badron

Dr. Asma Ali Budalal

Dr. Md. Mahmudul Hasan Mahfuz