Vol. 156
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 157 [2025] PIERC 156 [2025] PIERC 155 [2025] PIERC 154 [2025] PIERC 153 [2025] PIERC 152 [2025] PIERC 151 [2025] PIERC 150 [2024] PIERC 149 [2024] PIERC 148 [2024] PIERC 147 [2024] PIERC 146 [2024] PIERC 145 [2024] PIERC 144 [2024] PIERC 143 [2024] PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2025-05-31
Analysis of Absorbed Power Density and Power Loss Density in Human Skin Model from 5G mmWave Exposure
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 156, 93-100, 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the Absorbed Power Density (APD) and Power Loss Density (PLD) of 5G downlink signals in Frequency Range 2 (FR2), in particular at millimetre-wave (mmWave) frequencies, in an outdoor scenario in Malaysia. The electric field (E-field) was measured, and the data were collected from a base station (BS) located in Cyberjaya, Malaysia, operating at 29.5 GHz, as documented in the previous work of authors. The APD and PLD were simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The radiation source was modelled using a patch antenna, while a four-layer human skin model represented the sample. This work simulated three different types of applications: voice calls, video calls, and video streaming. It was found that the maximum APD is 0.0364 W/m2 for voice calls, 0.0498 W/m2 for video calls, and 0.0584 W/m2 for video streaming. All the investigated applications produced APD within the safe limit of 20 W/m2 set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). PLD was analysed to investigate the depth of radiation penetration into the skin. The results show that the PLD decreased from 18.1 W/m3 to 3.1 W/m3, 24.8 W/m3 to 4.1 W/m3, and 29.1 W/m3 to 4.8 W/m3 from the skin surface to the skin at 1 mm depth for voice call, video call and video streaming, respectively. It shows a significant drop in PLD due to the short wavelength of the mmWave frequencies.
Citation
Ibrahim Tahir, Aduwati Sali, Sangin Qahtan Wali, Alyani Ismail, Darko Suka, and Muhammad Zamir Mohyedin, "Analysis of Absorbed Power Density and Power Loss Density in Human Skin Model from 5G mmWave Exposure," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 156, 93-100, 2025.
doi:10.2528/PIERC25021901
References

1. Unit Perancang Ekonomi, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, "Dasar revolusi perindustrian keempat (4IR) negara," 2021.

2. De la Fuente, Alejandro, Raquel Perez Leal, and Ana Garcia Armada, "New technologies and trends for next generation mobile broadcasting services," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 11, 217-223, 2016.
doi:The server didn't respond in time.

3. Ancans, Guntis, Evaldas Stankevicius, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs, and Nauris Osis, "Analysis on interference impact of 4G/5G in 450 MHz on digital terrestrial television broadcasting," 2019 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium --- Fall (PIERS --- Fall), 2173-2179, Xiamen, China, December 2019.

4. Guo, Zhiliang, Dechao Chen, and Yang Yuan, "5G NR uplink coverage enhancement based on DMRS bundling and multi-slot transmission," 2020 IEEE 20th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), 482-486, Nanning, China, 2020.

5. Song, Yeon-Ju, Seong-Jin Lim, Su-Kil Lee, and Jae-Seon Jang, "Adaptive digital beamforming for uplink coverage enhancement in 5G NR system," 2019 27th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), 1-4, Belgrade, Serbia, 2019.

6. Saha, Rony K. and John M. Cioffi, "Dynamic spectrum sharing for 5G NR and 4G LTE coexistence --- A comprehensive review," IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol. 5, 795-835, 2024.

7. Dilli, Ravilla, "Analysis of 5G wireless systems in FR1 and FR2 frequency bands," 2020 2nd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA), 767-772, Bangalore, India, 2020.

8. Bjornson, Emil, Liesbet Van der Perre, Stefano Buzzi, and Erik G. Larsson, "Massive MIMO in sub-6 GHz and mmWave: Physical, practical, and use-case differences," IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 26, No. 2, 100-108, 2019.

9. Mallat, Nazih Khaddaj, Madeeha Ishtiaq, Ateeq Ur Rehman, and Amjad Iqbal, "Millimeter-wave in the face of 5G communication potential applications," IETE Journal of Research, Vol. 68, No. 4, 2522-2530, 2022.

10. Kim, Seungmo, "Analysis of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in 5G uplink and downlink," ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2005.13295, 2020.

11. Simkó, Myrtill and Mats-Olof Mattsson, "5G wireless communication and health effects --- A pragmatic review based on available studies regarding 6 to 100 GHz," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16, No. 18, 3406, 2019.

12. Abdul-Al, Mohamed, Ahmed S. I. Amar, Issa Elfergani, Richard Littlehales, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Yasir Al-Yasir, Chan Hwang See, Dawei Zhou, Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, et al. "Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): A review case study," Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 4, 511, 2022.

13. Selmaoui, Brahim and Yvan Touitou, "Association between mobile phone radiation exposure and the secretion of melatonin and cortisol, two markers of the circadian system: A review," Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 42, No. 1, 5-17, 2021.

14. Zou, Yao, Qianggang Wang, Yuan Chi, Jian Wang, Chao Lei, Niancheng Zhou, and Qinqin Xia, "Electric load profile of 5G base station in distribution systems based on data flow analysis," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2452-2466, 2022.

15. Nasim, Imtiaz and Seungmo Kim, "Mitigation of human EMF exposure in downlink of 5G," Annals of Telecommunications, Vol. 74, 45-52, 2019.

16. Lagunas, Eva, Christos G. Tsinos, Shree Krishna Sharma, and Symeon Chatzinotas, "5G cellular and fixed satellite service spectrum coexistence in C-band," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 72078-72094, 2020.

17. Chataut, Robin and Robert Akl, "Massive MIMO systems for 5G and beyond networks --- Overview, recent trends, challenges, and future research direction," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 10, 2753, 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20102753

18. Prasad, K. N. R. Surya Vara, Ekram Hossain, and Vijay K. Bhargava, "Energy efficiency in massive MIMO-based 5G networks: Opportunities and challenges," IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 24, No. 3, 86-94, 2017.

19. Shafi, Mansoor, Harsh Tataria, Andreas F. Molisch, Fredrik Tufvesson, and Geoff Tunnicliffe, "Real-time deployment aspects of C-band and millimeter-wave 5G-NR systems," ICC 2020 --- 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1-7, Dublin, Ireland, 2020.

20. Baki, A. K. M., "Beamwidth reduction of binomial array for 5G communications," 2017 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), 55-58, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017.

21. Kim, Seungmo and Imtiaz Nasim, "Human electromagnetic field exposure in 5G at 28 GHz," IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 6, 41-48, 2020.

22. Moon, Jin-Hwa, "Health effects of electromagnetic fields on children," Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, Vol. 63, No. 11, 422-428, 2020.
doi:10.3345/cep.2019.01494

23. Wali, Sangin Qahtan, Aduwati Sali, Jaafar K. Allami, and Anwar Faizd Osman, "RF-EMF exposure measurement for 5G over mm-wave base station with MIMO antenna," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 9048-9058, 2022.

24. Christopher, Bindhu, Sheena Mary Y, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, and P. J. Jojo, "Empirical study on specific absorption rate of head tissues due to induced heating of 4G cell phone radiation," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 178, 108910, 2021.

25. Tamim, Ahmed Mahfuz, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, and David Andrew Bradley, "Electromagnetic radiation reduction using novel metamaterial for cellular applications," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 178, 108976, 2021.

26. Christopher, Bindhu, Y. Sheena Mary, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, D. A. Bradley, M. T. Chew, and P. J. Jojo, "Effects of mobile phone radiation on certain hematological parameters," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 166, 108443, 2020.

27. Spandana, Pudipeddi Sai and Pappu V. Y. Jayasree, "Numerical computation of SAR in human head with transparent shields using transmission line method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 105, 31-44, 2021.
doi:10.2528/PIERM21080405

28. Psenakova, Zuzana, Jana Mydlova, and Mariana Benova, "Evaluation of Specific absorption rate in model of human head with Cochlear implant in different shielded spaces," 2020 ELEKTRO, 1-6, Taormina, Italy, 2020.

29. Turgut, Ahmet and Begum Korunur Engiz, "Analyzing the SAR in human head tissues under different exposure scenarios," Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 12, 6971, 2023.

30. Karim, Md. Ebtidaul and A. B. M. Aowlad Hossain, "SAR analysis of human head model using common antennas of 4G LTE mobile communications," 2021 Fourth International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), 1-5, Erode, India, 2021.

31. Elabd, Rania Hamdy and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "SAR assessment of miniaturized wideband MIMO antenna structure for millimeter wave 5G smartphones," Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 282, 112098, 2023.

32. Shrivastava, Purva and T. Rama Rao, "Specific absorption rate distributions of a tapered slot antenna at 60 GHz in personal wireless devices [wireless corner]," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 59, No. 6, 140-146, 2017.

33. Hamed, Tooba and Moazam Maqsood, "SAR calculation & temperature response of human body exposure to electromagnetic radiations at 28, 40 and 60 GHz mmWave frequencies," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 73, 47-59, 2018.

34. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), "Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)," Health Physics, Vol. 118, No. 5, 483-524, 2020.

35. Christ, Andreas, Theodoros Samaras, Esra Neufeld, and Niels Kuster, "Limitations of incident power density as a proxy for induced electromagnetic fields," Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 41, No. 5, 348-359, 2020.

36. Mahmoud, Korany R., Abdullah Baz, Wajdi Alhakami, Hosam Alhakami, and Ahmed M. Montaser, "The performance of circularly polarized phased sub-array antennas for 5G laptop devices investigating the radiation effects," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 110, 267-283, 2021.
doi:10.2528/PIERC21012005

37. Wu, Ting, Theodore S. Rappaport, and Christopher M. Collins, "The human body and millimeter-wave wireless communication systems: Interactions and implications," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2423-2429, London, UK, 2015.

38. Romeo, Stefania, Olga Zeni, Anna Sannino, Susanna Lagorio, Mauro Biffoni, and Maria Rosaria Scarfi, "Genotoxicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Protocol for a systematic review of in vitro studies," Environment International, Vol. 148, 106386, 2021.

39. Pacchierotti, Francesca, Lucia Ardoino, Barbara Benassi, Claudia Consales, Eugenia Cordelli, Patrizia Eleuteri, Carmela Marino, Maurizio Sciortino, Martin H. Brinkworth, Guangdi Chen, et al., "Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) exposure on male fertility and pregnancy and birth outcomes: Protocols for a systematic review of experimental studies in non-human mammals and in human sperm exposed in vitro," Environment International, Vol. 157, 106806, 2021.

40. Lagorio, Susanna, Maria Blettner, Dan Baaken, Maria Feychting, Ken Karipidis, Tom Loney, Nicola Orsini, Martin Röösli, Marilia Silva Paulo, and Mark Elwood, "The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: A protocol for a systematic review of human observational studies," Environment International, Vol. 157, 106828, 2021.

41. Lin, James C., "Incongruities in recently revised radiofrequency exposure guidelines and standards," Environmental Research, Vol. 222, 115369, 2023.

42. Korkmaz, Erdal, Sam Aerts, Richard Coesoij, Chhavi Raj Bhatt, Maarten Velghe, Loek Colussi, Derek Land, Nikolaos Petroulakis, Marco Spirito, and John Bolte, "A comprehensive review of 5G NR RF-EMF exposure assessment technologies: Fundamentals, advancements, challenges, niches, and implications," Environmental Research, Vol. 260, 119524, 2024.

43. Barnes, Frank and Ben Greenebaum, "Setting guidelines for electromagnetic exposures and research needs," Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 41, No. 5, 392-397, 2020.

44. Christ, Andreas, Theodoros Samaras, Esra Neufeld, and Niels Kuster, "RF-induced temperature increase in a stratified model of the skin for plane-wave exposure at 6-100 GHz," Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 188, No. 3, 350-360, 2020.

45. Sellak, Lahcen, Asma Khabba, Samira Chabaa, Saida Ibnyaich, Atmane Baddou, and Abdelouhab Zeroual, "Miniaturized dual-band circular patch antenna design for 5G mmWave applications using ANFIS," 2024 International Conference on Global Aeronautical Engineering and Satellite Technology (GAST), 1-6, Marrakesh, Morocco, 2024.

46. Alblaihed, Khaled A., Abdoalbaset Abohmra, Masood Ur Rehman, Qammer H. Abbasi, Muhammad A. Imran, and Lina Mohjazi, "Wideband series-fed patch antenna array with high gain and low sidelobe: Linearly and circularly polarized for 5G V2X applications," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 5, No. 6, 1580-1591, 2024.
doi:10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424330

47. Joshi, Ravi and Avinash Sharma, "Compact size and high gain microstrip patch antenna design for mmWave 5G wireless communication," 2024 International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS), 1-4, Raichur, India, 2024.

48. Okwum, David, Joshua Abolarinwa, and Opeyemi Osanaiye, "A 30 GHz microstrip square patch antenna array for 5G network," 2020 International Conference in Mathematics, Computer Engineering and Computer Science (ICMCECS), 1-5, Ayobo, Nigeria, 2020.