volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Antennas are one of the most important elements in modern communication systems. Recently, significant progress has been made in developing metasurface antennas as an alternative for beam steering, commonly used in radar and communication applications. Metasurface antennas consist of an array of metamaterial elements, uniformly distributed and with subwavelength dimensions, which can be excited by a progressive wave. This work focuses on the application of the Incremental Difference Method for estimating the magnetic polarizability of metamaterial arrays embedded in a waveguide-fed linear configuration. The method is validated through full-wave simulations and further assessed using a weighting function introduced in prior studies. The design is demonstrated using a WR340 waveguide-based metasurface antenna model.

1. Huang, Chongwen, Alessio Zappone, George C. Alexandropoulos, Mérouane Debbah, and Chau Yuen, "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for energy efficiency in wireless communication," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 18, No. 8, 4157-4170, 2019.

2. Lin, Feng Han and Zhi Ning Chen, "Low-profile wideband metasurface antennas using characteristic mode analysis," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 4, 1706-1713, 2017.

3. Shamim, Shadmani, Abu S. M. Mohsin, Md. Mosaddequr Rahman, and Mohammed Belal Hossain Bhuian, "Recent advances in the metamaterial and metasurface-based biosensor in the gigahertz, terahertz, and optical frequency domains," Heliyon, Vol. 10, No. 13, e33272, 2024.

4. Selvaraj, Monisha, Ramya Vijay, Rajesh Anbazhagan, and Amirtharajan Rengarajan, "Reconfigurable metasurface: Enabling tunable reflection in 6G wireless communications," Sensors, Vol. 23, No. 22, 9166, 2023.

5. Ashraf, Nouman, Taqwa Saeed, Hamidreza Taghvaee, Sergi Abadal, Vasos Vassiliou, Christos Liaskos, Andreas Pitsillides, and Marios Lestas, "Intelligent beam steering for wireless communication using programmable metasurfaces," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 24, No. 5, 4848-4861, 2023.

6. Hu, Jun, Guo Qing Luo, and Zhang-Cheng Hao, "A wideband quad-polarization reconfigurable metasurface antenna," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 6130-6137, 2017.

7. Jian, Mengnan, George C. Alexandropoulos, Ertugrul Basar, Chongwen Huang, Ruiqi Liu, Yuanwei Liu, and Chau Yuen, "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for wireless communications: Overview of hardware designs, channel models, and estimation techniques," Intelligent and Converged Networks, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-32, 2022.

8. Wang, Xin, Jia Qi Han, Guan Xuan Li, De Xiao Xia, Ming Yang Chang, Xiang Jin Ma, Hao Xue, Peng Xu, Rui Jie Li, Kun Yi Zhang, et al. "High-performance cost efficient simultaneous wireless information and power transfers deploying jointly modulated amplifying programmable metasurface," Nature Communications, Vol. 14, No. 1, 6002, 2023.

9. Yang, Wanchen, Jinghao Li, Dongxu Chen, Yue Cao, Quan Xue, and Wenquan Che, "Advanced metasurface-based antennas: A review," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 6, No. 1, 6-24, 2025.

10. Schurig, D., J. J. Mock, and D. R. Smith, "Electric-field-coupled resonators for negative permittivity metamaterials," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 88, No. 4, 041109, 2006.

11. Hand, Thomas H., Jonah Gollub, Soji Sajuyigbe, David R. Smith, and Steven A. Cummer, "Characterization of complementary electric field coupled resonant surfaces," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 21, 212504, 2008.

12. Smith, David R., Okan Yurduseven, Laura Pulido Mancera, Patrick Bowen, and Nathan B. Kundtz, "Analysis of a waveguide-fed metasurface antenna," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 8, No. 5, 054048, Nov. 2017.

13. Balanis, Constantine A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

14. Engheta, Nader and Richard W. Ziolkowski, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

15. Tretyakov, Sergei, Analytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics, Artech House, 2003.

16. Pendry, J. B., A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, No. 11, 2075-2084, 1999.

17. Caloz, Christophe and Tatsuo Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.

18. Sakyi, Papa, Jordan Dugan, Debidas Kundu, Tom J. Smy, and Shulabh Gupta, "Waveguide-floquet mapping using surface susceptibilities for passive and active metasurface unit cell characterization," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 9, 7110-7121, 2024.

19. Baena, Juan D., Ricardo Marqués, Francisco Medina, and Jesús Martel, "Artificial magnetic metamaterial design by using spiral resonators," Physical Review B, Vol. 69, No. 1, 014402, Jan. 2004.

20. Baena, J. D., J. Bonache, F. Martín, R. M. Sillero, F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, M. A. G. Laso, J. Garcia-Garcia, I. Gil, M. F. Portillo, and M. Sorolla, "Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1451-1461, 2005.

21. Boyarsky, Michael, Mohammadreza F. Imani, and David R. Smith, "Grating lobe suppression in metasurface antenna arrays with a waveguide feed layer," Optics Express, Vol. 28, No. 16, 23991-24004, Aug. 2020.

22. Lin, Mingtuan, Xianjun Huang, Bowen Deng, Jihong Zhang, Dongfang Guan, Dingwang Yu, and Yujian Qin, "A high-efficiency reconfigurable element for dynamic metasurface antenna," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 87446-87455, 2020.

23. Sleasman, Timothy, Mohammadreza F. Imani, Wangren Xu, John Hunt, Tom Driscoll, Matthew S. Reynolds, and David R. Smith, "Waveguide-fed tunable metamaterial element for dynamic apertures," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 15, 606-609, 2015.

Dr. Ivan Eduardo Diaz Pardo

Dr. Carlos Arturo Suarez Fajardo

Professor Juan Domingo Baena Doello

Dr. Hector Guarnizo