volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Flux-reversing machines (FRMs) have the advantages of high torque density and wide speed range. However, their disadvantage is the low utilization rate of permanent magnets (PMs). To enhance PM utilization, a novel dual-PM FRM (DPFRM) with Halbach arrays is proposed in this paper. Halbach arrays are applied to both the stator interlayer and half of the rotor teeth, forming a consequent-pole structure together with iron cores. This layout significantly reduces the number of rotor magnets used. With the use of Halbach arrays, this design effectively reduces magnetic flux leakage. It also achieves higher torque density under low current conditions, demonstrating enhanced electromagnetic performance. To achieve better overall performance, both the conventional FRM and the proposed DPFRM are globally optimized. Their no-load and load performances are evaluated through finite element analysis (FEA). The analysis verifies that the DPFRM achieves higher back electromotive force (Back-EMF) and torque density, and also exhibits lower torque ripple. Therefore, the proposed design significantly improves PM utilization, effectively mitigating the primary limitation of conventional FRMs.

1. Zhu, Zi-Qiang and David Howe, "Electrical machines and drives for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 4, 746-765, Apr. 2007.
doi:10.1109/jproc.2006.892482

2. Shi, Zhou, Xiaodong Sun, Zebin Yang, Yingfeng Cai, Gang Lei, Jianguo Zhu, and Christopher H. T. Lee, "Design optimization of a spoke-type axial-flux PM machine for in-wheel drive operation," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, Vol. 10, No. 2, 3770-3781, Jun. 2024.
doi:10.1109/tte.2023.3310738

3. Sun, Xiaodong, Naixi Xu, and Ming Yao, "Sequential subspace optimization design of a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous hub motor based on NSGA III," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, Vol. 9, No. 1, 622-630, Mar. 2023.
doi:10.1109/tte.2022.3190536

4. Shi, Zhou, Xiaodong Sun, Gang Lei, Xiang Tian, Youguang Guo, and Jianguo Zhu, "Multiobjective optimization of a five-phase bearingless permanent magnet motor considering winding area," IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2657-2666, Oct. 2022.
doi:10.1109/tmech.2021.3121802

5. Zou, Tianjie, Dawei Li, Ronghai Qu, and Dong Jiang, "Performance comparison of surface and spoke-type flux-modulation machines with different pole ratios," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 53, No. 6, 1-5, Jun. 2017.
doi:10.1109/tmag.2017.2662081

6. Wu, Zhongze, Zi-Qiang Zhu, and Hanlin Zhan, "Comparative analysis of partitioned stator flux reversal PM machine and magnetically geared machine operating in stator-PM and rotor-PM modes," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 32, No. 3, 903-917, Sep. 2017.
doi:10.1109/tec.2017.2693028

7. Chau, K. T., C. C. Chan, and Chunhua Liu, "Overview of permanent-magnet brushless drives for electric and hybrid electric vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 6, 2246-2257, Jun. 2008.
doi:10.1109/tie.2008.918403

8. Cheng, Ming, Wei Hua, Jianzhong Zhang, and Wenxiang Zhao, "Overview of stator-permanent magnet brushless machines," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 58, No. 11, 5087-5101, Nov. 2011.
doi:10.1109/tie.2011.2123853

9. Cheng, He, Jizhen Cui, Cheng Peng, Jinlong Chu, Jianping Zhou, and Zongbin Ye, "Electromagnetic characteristics analysis and torque ripple reduction for doubly salient PM machine," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1659-1668, Sep. 2023.
doi:10.1109/tec.2023.3239916

10. Zhu, Xiaofeng and Wentao Huang, "Investigation of five-phase flux-switching permanent magnet machines for EV and HEV applications," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 60, No. 1, 1071-1082, Jan.-Feb. 2024.
doi:10.1109/tia.2023.3274623

11. Zheng, Yuting, Wei Xiang, Huayue Xu, Ping Tan, and Youtong Fang, "Analysis of a flux reversal machine with consequent-pole evenly distributed PM," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 60, No. 1, 4-11, Jan.-Feb. 2024.
doi:10.1109/tia.2023.3269738

12. Gao, Yuting, Ronghai Qu, Dawei Li, and Jian Li, "Torque performance analysis of three-phase flux reversal machines," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2110-2119, May-Jun. 2017.
doi:10.1109/tia.2017.2677356

13. Yang, Kuang, Fei Zhao, Yi Wang, and Zhicheng Bao, "Consequent-pole flux reversal permanent magnet machine with halbach array magnets in rotor slot," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 57, No. 2, 1-5, Feb. 2021.
doi:10.1109/tmag.2020.3007861

14. Gao, Yuting, Ronghai Qu, Dawei Li, Jian Li, and Guopeng Zhou, "Consequent-pole flux-reversal permanent-magnet machine for electric vehicle propulsion," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1-5, Jun. 2016.
doi:10.1109/tasc.2016.2514345

15. Wei, Fangrui, Z. Q. Zhu, Huan Qu, Luocheng Yan, and Ji Qi, "New dual-PM spoke-type flux-reversal machines for direct-drive applications," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 58, No. 5, 6190-6202, Sep.-Oct. 2022.
doi:10.1109/tia.2022.3190248

16. Gao, Yuting, Takashi Kosaka, Yang Liu, Martin Doppelbauer, and Ronghai Qu, "Comparative analysis of double flux modulation permanent magnet machines with different stator PM arrangements," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 58, No. 2, 1941-1951, Mar.-Apr. 2022.
doi:10.1109/tia.2021.3138838

17. Aslani, Behzad, Seyed Ehsan Abdollahi, and S. A. Gholamian, "A novel dual-PM flux reversal machine with halbach array magnets in stator slots," 2023 3rd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives (ICEMD), 1-5, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 2023.
doi:10.1109/ICEMD60816.2023.10429230

18. Wei, Fangrui, Z. Q. Zhu, Yinzhao Zheng, and Hai Xu, "Comparative study of stator-PM and dual-PM consequent-pole hybrid excited flux-reversal machines," 2022 25th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 1-5, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2022.
doi:10.1109/ICEMS56177.2022.9983353

19. Sun, Pengcheng, Shaofeng Jia, Dongxu Yang, Deliang Liang, and Zhanqiang Luo, "Design and comparative analysis of dual winding dual magnet machines with different PM arrangements," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 61, No. 1, 151-160, Jan.-Feb. 2025.
doi:10.1109/tia.2024.3478193

20. Wang, Qingsong, Shuangxia Niu, and Lin Yang, "Design optimization and comparative study of novel dual-PM excited machines," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 64, No. 12, 9924-9933, Dec. 2017.
doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2716869

Dr. Yeming Zhu

Dr. Longxiang Han

Dr. Mingji Yin

Dr. Yuhui Huang

Dr. Libing Jing