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2024-03-26
PIER C
Vol. 142, 119-130, 2024
download: 26
A 4-Port Broadband High-Isolated MIMO Antenna for Wireless Communication
Ayyaz Ali , Maryam Rasool , Muhammad Zeeshan Zahid , Imran Rashid , Adil Masood Siddique , Moazzam Maqsood and Farooq Ahmad Bhatti
This article proposes a versatile Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna designed for contemporary wireless systems spanning frequencies from 3 to 20 GHz. It serves applications such as 5G mobile, WiFi, WiFi-6E, X-band, partial Ku, and K-band. The original single-element antenna evolves into a 4 × 4 MIMO configuration with optimized ground plane modifications for enhanced performance. A decoupling structure achieves over 20 dB isolation between inter-elements. The feeding structure, featuring a gradually changing design connected to the antenna's radiating structure, achieves wide bandwidth characteristics. This is further improved by a partial ground structure and slots on the radiating element. The lower frequency band of 3 to 7 GHz is attained with a rectangle-shaped radiator, while semi-circular microstrip lines atop the radiator enable the higher frequency bands of 8 to 15.4 and 18.7 to 20 GHz. The slots and ground structure enhance impedance bandwidth, and semicircles improve the radiation pattern. The MIMO antenna demonstrates measured peak gains of 4.4 dBi at 3.5 GHz, maintaining a radiation efficiency exceeding 80%. Validation through metrics like ECC, DG, CCL, and TARC confirms strong agreement between simulated and experimental results, positioning the MIMO antenna as a robust choice for various wireless communication applications.
A 4-port Broadband High-isolated MIMO Antenna for Wireless Communication
2024-03-20
PIER C
Vol. 142, 107-117, 2024
download: 57
Model Predictive Control with ESO and an Improved Speed Loop for PMSM
Dingdou Wen , Wenting Zhang , Zhongjian Tang , Xu Zhang and Zhun Cheng
An Improved Speed Loop (ISL) and Extended State Observer (ESO) strategy based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, considering the impact of load torque sudden changes on speed tracking performance, a reduced-order Luenberger observer is utilized to observe the load torque and combine with model prediction to form ISL. Secondly, the ESO is utilized to estimate the lumped disturbance and feedforward compensated to the improved speed loop, which improves the system's anti-interference performance. Then, a cost function that introduces the current tracking error at the switching point is constructed, reducing the current ripple. Finally, the experiments show that compared with the traditional PI speed control, the proposed strategy reduces the speed overshoot over a wide range of speeds, improves the speed tracking performance, and has superior dynamic performance and anti-disturbance performance under different operating conditions.
Model Predictive Control with ESO and an Improved Speed Loop for PMSM
2024-03-20
PIER C
Vol. 142, 95-106, 2024
download: 58
Compact Dual-Polarized Antenna with Wide Band and High Isolation Using Characteristic Mode Analysis
Zhongjie Zhan , Wen Huang , Rui Deng and Bao Li
In this paper, a compact dual-polarized antenna with wide band and high isolation is proposed, which can be applied to the 5G WiFi frequency band. The antenna is composed of 2 × 2 arrayed patches and two orthogonal L-shaped probe structures with reduced middle patch width and loaded U-shaped slots. The proposed antenna achieves a compact size by eliminating the need for a complex feeding network, instead utilizing only two closely spaced L-shaped probes for feeding. The antenna's radiation modes excited by two ports are orthogonal in polarization direction, and each port can excite two linearly polarized radiation modes respectively within the operating frequency band, thereby achieving dual-linear polarization and wideband performance. The antenna is analyzed and designed using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). By reducing the patch middle width and loading U-shaped slots on the L-shaped probe of the antenna, the suppression of high-order modes, improvement of isolation, and reduction of cross-polarization levels are achieved. The size of the antenna is 0.54λ0 × 0.54λ0 × 0.068λ00 is the free-space wavelength of central frequency). The measured bandwidth is 23.5% (4.73 GHz-5.99 GHz) with |S11| < -10 dB, |S21| < -27.9 dB, boresight gain of 4.8 dBi-6.2 dBi and cross-polarization levels better than -23 dB.
Compact Dual-polarized Antenna with Wide Band and High Isolation Using Characteristic Mode Analysis
2024-03-19
PIER C
Vol. 142, 85-94, 2024
download: 68
A Wide Adaptation Variable Step-Size Adaline Neural Network Parameter Identification IPMSM Model Predictive Control Strategy
Qianghui Xiao , Xingwang Chen , Zhun Cheng , Zhongjian Tang and Zhi Yu
Model predictive control (MPC), as a frequently adopted control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), exhibits favorable dynamic response capabilities. However, it necessitates an accurate mathematical model of the controlled object, and any parameter mismatch can lead to a decline in control performance. This paper proposes a model predictive current control (MPCC) method based on parameter identification, which can be extended to the parameter identification of plug-in permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs). A wide-adaptability variable step-size algorithm is designed in response to the varying effects of single variable step-size functions on parameter convergence speed and ripple when the motor experiences different parameter disturbances. This method classifies and fits various variable step-size functions based on the maximum value of the absolute value of different instantaneous errors. This allows different variable step-size functions to adapt to different parameter disturbances, resulting in rapid waveform convergence and consistent ripple size in the identification process. Additionally, a new variable step-size function type was designed with simple parameter settings and easy debugging. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified through experiments, and the results showed that the method can achieve fast and accurate identification of multiple parameters under different parameter perturbations, ensuring stable current control.
A Wide Adaptation Variable Step-size Adaline Neural Network Parameter Identification IPMSM Model Predictive Control Strategy
2024-03-18
PIER C
Vol. 142, 75-83, 2024
download: 28
Optimization of Electromagnetic Thrust for Short Primary Unilateral Linear Induction Motor
Cheng Wen , Junyi Chen , Jian Cui , Zhiping Wan and Yujian Chang
In this paper, four different structures are proposed to optimize electromagnetic thrust for the primary and secondary pole linear induction motors. Firstly, the two-dimensional topology structure of the motor is established, and the correlation equation of electromagnetic thrust is established. Secondly, the electromagnetic thrust optimization of the primary structure of the motor is carried out by the chamfer method and trapezoidal structure method. Then, the secondary structure of the motor is slotted and mixed with different conductivity materials to optimize the electromagnetic thrust. At the same time, a motor model with high permeability under ideal conditions is proposed from the angle of relative permeability of secondary aluminum plate. Finally, the four optimized structures were simulated, and the changes of electromagnetic thrust, air gap density, and back electromotive force were analyzed. The simulation results fully verify the effectiveness of the four optimization structures proposed in this paper.
Optimization of Electromagnetic Thrust for Short Primary Unilateral Linear Induction Motor
2024-03-15
PIER C
Vol. 142, 61-73, 2024
download: 75
Microstrip Patch Antenna with Multi-Fins for Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Applications
Mohammed Muataz Hasan and Ahmed M. A. Sabaawi
A novel multiband microstrip patch antenna (Antenna-1) is introduced in this paper to target the frequencies of interest required for RF energy harvesting applications, including mobile DCS (Digital Cellular System), mobile LTE (Long Term Evolution), mobile 5G, WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), and WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) services. The simulated results for the proposed antenna showed outstanding performance. The antenna supports a high number of total (11) eleven operating frequencies and covers all of the frequencies of the 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11) band, as well as the downlink frequencies of mobile DCS 1800 and the downlink frequencies for mobile LTE/5G (Band 68). The proposed antenna has achieved a high gain for most of its resonating frequencies, with a high gain of (4.49 dBi) at the frequency of (2.4527 GHz), and a peak gain of (6.349 dBi) at the frequency of (3.95 GHz). Furthermore, the proposed antenna achieved a high bandwidth capacity of (677 MHz) at the resonating frequency of (5.2 GHz), which covers a lot of frequencies utilized by WLAN, WIMAX, and mobile LTE services, making it a suitable antenna for radio frequency energy harvesting applications. Good agreement between the measured and simulation results was observed.
Microstrip Patch Antenna with Multi-fins for Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Applications
2024-03-12
PIER C
Vol. 142, 51-60, 2024
download: 94
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Multi-Tooth Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine with HTS Bulks
Huajun Ran , Yunpan Liu , Linfeng Wu and Junye Zhao
Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine has wide application prospects in aerospace and automotive fields. To enhance the machine's electromagnetic performance, a novel multi-tooth flux-switching permanent magnet (MT-FSPM) machine with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bulks is proposed. The HTS bulks are arranged in the middle of the stator teeth, aimed at diminishing flux leakage and amplifying torque output. The method of stator tooth chamfering and rotor flange is adopted to effectively suppress the torque ripple. Then based on the comprehensive sensitivity analysis, the key design parameters of the machine are layered, and the high sensitivity parameters are optimized by response surface method (RSM) and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to obtain the optimal value. Finally, a 6/19 MT-FSPM machine model is established in 2D finite element method (FEM). Comparative analysis with the conventional model indicates a 16.4% increase in output torque and an impressive 79.6% reduction in torque ripple for the proposed model.
Multi-objective Optimization of a Multi-tooth Flux-switching Permanent Magnet Machine with HTS Bulks
2024-03-08
PIER C
Vol. 142, 37-49, 2024
download: 76
Current Sensor Fault Detection and Fault-Tolerant Control of Bearingless Induction Motor Based on VCS
Shihan Zhan , Zebin Yang , Xiaodong Sun and Qifeng Ding
To ensure normal operation of a control system for a bearingless induction motor (BIM) after current sensor failure, a virtual current sensor (VCS) fault-tolerant control strategy was proposed. First, on the basis of the coordinate transformation of the stator current of the torque winding, the fault detection marks were set to realize current sensor fault detection. Second, according to the mathematical models of BIM, the stator current differential equations included in the VCS were derived, and the solutions of the equations were used as the reconstruction current of the fault current sensor, achieving fault-tolerant operation control after the sensor fault. The simulated and experimental results show that the set fault detection marks can realize the quick and accurate identification of sensor faults, and the estimated current from the VCS output can replace the faulty current after the current sensor fails, and the stator current can be reconstructed effectively under no-load, load change, and speed change conditions, and also ensure a good suspension of the motor rotor under sudden addition of disturbance condition.
Current Sensor Fault Detection and Fault-tolerant Control of Bearingless Induction Motor Based on VCS
2024-03-06
PIER C
Vol. 142, 27-35, 2024
download: 75
Harnessing Polarization Diversity for Enhanced Reliability in Free Space Optical Communications
Amar Tou , Samia Driz , Benattou Fassi and Ikram Sabrine Khelifa Mahadjoubi
This article delves into the strategic application of polarization diversity in Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication systems. With the overarching aim of optimizing data transmission and bolstering reliability, the paper explores the utilization of diverse polarization orientations to navigate the challenges posed by varying atmospheric conditions. By transmitting identical data streams through different polarization states, the impact of atmospheric turbulence is effectively mitigated, leading to enhanced signal quality and system dependability. This article sheds light on the theoretical underpinnings and simulation modeling of harnessing polarization diversity in FSO communication. The simulations conducted in this study using OptiSystem software ver. 17 demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in mitigating the adverse impacts of atmospheric turbulence. Notably, the results consistently indicate that the integration of polarization diversity leads to lower Bit Error Rates (BER) across a spectrum of turbulence conditions. Furthermore, the proposed FSO system exhibits a remarkable ability to sustain robust communication capabilities over extended distances, outperforming the conventional system. Significantly, the proposed FSO system under weak, moderate and strong turbulence conditions achieves operational distances of approximately 4250, 3750 and 3200 meters, respectively compared to conventional system, which achieves distances of 3750, 3250 and 2250 meters, respectively. This significant performance disparity underscores the potency of the proposed FSO system in overcoming the challenges of atmospheric turbulence and extending the reach of optical communication.
Harnessing Polarization Diversity for Enhanced Reliability in Free Space Optical Communications
2024-03-02
PIER C
Vol. 142, 13-25, 2024
download: 63
Research on Circular Polarization Composite Scattering Characteristics of Sea Surface and Ship Target at GPS Frequency
Ye Zhao , Long-Wen Liao , Ya-Jie Liu , Wei Tian , Xincheng Ren and Peng-Ju Yang
The electromagnetic characteristics analysis of the scattering signals from targets, which usually exist or are hidden in the surrounding environment, is one of the necessary prerequisites for the reliable reception of echo signals. Utilizing the GNSS signals as an opportunistic illumination source for detecting maritime targets has vast development prospect and scientific application value. GNSS signals, including GPS signals, are the right-hand circular polarization waves at L-band. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive electromagnetic composite scattering model is established under circular polarization, which encompasses sea surface scattering, target single scattering, target multiple scattering, and coupled scattering between the target and sea surface. Then, the research investigates the variation characteristics of different scattering components (including the scattering of sea surface, the first, second, and third-order scattering of target, the total scattering of target, the coupled scattering of target induced by the reflection waves from sea surface, and the coupled scattering of sea surface induced by the reflection waves from target) in the composite scene under different polarizations, incident angles, wind speeds, and headings. The results indicate that the scattering of sea surface under LR polarization (which means that the polarization states of scattering and incident wave are left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), respectively) is significantly greater than that under RR polarization, while the opposite trend is observed for the target. Therefore, in the applications such as the detection and identification of ship targets on sea surface, it is better to choose the right-hand circular polarization channel to receive the scattering echo signal from target, which could effectively suppress the scattering echo of sea surface. These findings are of crucial significance in enhancing the effectiveness and accuracy of maritime target detection.
Research on Circular Polarization Composite Scattering Characteristics of Sea Surface and Ship Target at GPS Frequency
2024-02-29
PIER C
Vol. 142, 1-11, 2024
download: 116
High Gain Compact Dual Band Antenna Using Frequency Selective Surface for 5G and WLAN Applications
Shubhangi Mangesh Verulkar , Anjali Rochkari , Mahadu Annarao Trimukhe , Varsha Bodade and Rajiv Kumar Gupta
In this paper, a high gain antenna using Frequency selective Surface (FSS) is proposed. The compact structure is designed from a circular Ultra-wide band (UWB) monopole. Higher order modes of UWB antenna are suppressed by decreasing the thickness of the monopole, ground plane dimensions and increasing the gap between the ground plane and the monopole. Symmetrical portion of circular monopole is etched to form a semicircular monopole, and an off-set feed is employed. Dual band characteristics and miniaturization are achieved by etching horizontal and vertical slots and reducing ground plane dimensions. An FSS reflector is designed for gain enhancement. This miniaturized antenna offers less blockage and therefore, higher gain improvement when an FSS is used as a reflector.
High Gain Compact Dual Band Antenna Using Frequency Selective Surface for 5G and WLAN Applications