volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

With the gradual popularization of high-power electric vehicle wireless power transfer (EV-WPT) applications, the safety issue of human exposure to electromagnetic fields leaked from EV-WPT devices has received considerable attention. In particular, careful attention should be devoted to human protection from electromagnetic field issues among people with medical implants. Considering the electromagnetic coupling between a human aortic valve metal stent (AVS) and the leakage field, this study establishes a numerical simulation model of the electromagnetic exposure of a human implanted with AVS to the leakage electromagnetic field of EV-WPT on the basis of human medical ethics. Given the existence of many uncertainties in actual WPT charging, which may cause damage to a human heart implanted with AVS, an orthogonal matching pursuit sparse generalized polynomial chaos expansion (OMP-sgPCE) method is developed to conduct an uncertainty quantification of the maximum induced electric field intensity (E_max) of a human heart implanted with AVS. Results indicate that the induced Emax obtained by this method can exceed the ICNIRP guideline limit and may seriously endanger human heart safety. This study also adopts the Sobol method to obtain the degree of influence of the coil group's spatial location parameters and the AVS geometric parameters on the induced Emax, thereby providing a reasonable theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the optimal design of EV-WPT devices and AVS.

1. Sim, B., S. Jeong, J. Kim, S. Park, S. Lee, S. Hong, J. Song, H. Kim, H. Kang, H. Park, D. Lho, and J. Kim, "A near field analytical model for EMI reduction and efficiency enhancement using an nth harmonic frequency shielding coil in a loosely coupled automotive WPT system," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 63, No. 3, 935-946, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2020.3039412 Google Scholar

2. Campi, T., S. Cruciani, F. Maradei, A. Andrea Montalto, F. Musumeci, and M. Feliziani, "EMI in a Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) by the wireless powering of a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 63, No. 4, 988-995, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2020.3047465 Google Scholar

3. Hong, S., T. Kim, S. Lee, S. Jeong, B. Sim, H. Kim, J. Song, S. Ahn, and J. Kim, "A frequency-selective EMI reduction method for tightly coupled wireless power transfer systems using resonant frequency control of a shielding coil in smartphone application," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 61, No. 6, 2031-2039, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2019.2951775 Google Scholar

4. Bosshard, R. and J. W. Kolar, "Multi-objective optimization of 50 kW/85 kHz IPT system for public transport," IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., Vol. 4, No. 4, 1370-1382, 2016.
doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2016.2598755 Google Scholar

5. Shin, J., S. Shin, Y. Kim, S. Ahn, S. Lee, G. Guho Jung, S. Jeon, and D. Cho, "Design and implementation of shaped magnetic-resonance-based wireless power transfer system for roadway-powered moving electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 61, No. 3, 1179-1192, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TIE.2013.2258294 Google Scholar

6. Choi, B., E. Kim, W. Shin, S. Park, and K. Kim, "Exposure assessment of a 20-kW wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles," Int. J. Automot. Technol., Vol. 21, No. 6, 1349-1353, 2020.
doi:10.1007/s12239-020-0127-3 Google Scholar

7. Laakso, I. and A. Hirata, "Evaluation of the induced electric field and compliance procedure for a wireless power transfer system in an electrical vehicle," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 58, No. 21, 7583-7593, 2013.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/58/21/7583 Google Scholar

8. Budhia, M., J. T. Boys, G. A. Covic, and C. Y. Huang, "Development of a single-sided flux magnetic coupler for electric vehicle IPT charging systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 60, No. 1, 318-328, 2013.
doi:10.1109/TIE.2011.2179274 Google Scholar

9. Park, S., "Evaluation of electromagnetic exposure during 85 kHz wireless power transfer for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 54, No. 1, 1-8, 2018. Google Scholar

10. Wang, Q., W. Li, J. Kang, and Y. Wang, "Electromagnetic safety evaluation and protection methods for a wireless charging system in an electric vehicle," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 61, No. 6, 1913-1925, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2018.2875903 Google Scholar

11. Bailey, W. H., R. Bodemann, J. Bushberg, C. K. Chou, R. Cleveland, A. Faraone, K. R. Foster, K. E. Gettman, K. Graf, T. Harrington, A. Hirata, R. R. Kavet, J. Keshvari, B. J. Klauenberg, A. Legros, D. P. Maxson, J. M. Osepchuk, J. P. Reilly, R. A. Tell, A. Thansandote, K. Yamazaki, M. C. Ziskin, and P. M. Zollman, "Synopsis of IEEE Std C95.1^TM --- 2019 `IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz'," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 171346-171356, 2019.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2954823 Google Scholar

12. "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP): Gaps in Knowledge Relevant to the, Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz-100 kHz)," Health Phys., Vol. 118, No. 5, 533-542, 2020.
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001261 Google Scholar

13. Perpetuo, L., A. S. Barros, J. Dalsuco, R. Nogueira-Ferreira, P. Resende-Goncalves, I. Falcao-Pires, R. Ferreira, A. Leite-Moreira, F. Trindade, and R. Vitorino, "Coronary artery disease and aortic valve stenosis: A urine proteomics study," Int. J. Mol. Sci., Vol. 23, No. 21, 13579, 2022.
doi:10.3390/ijms232113579 Google Scholar

14. Kim, M., W. Lee, K. Kim, H. Lim, and Y. J. Kim, "A preclinical trial of perventricular pulmonary valve implantation: Pericardial versus aortic porcine valves mounted on self-expandable stent," Artif. Organs., Vol. 45, No. 5, E89-E100, 2020. Google Scholar

15. Das, R. and H. Yoo, "RF heating study of a new medical implant lead for 1.5 T, 3 T, and 7 T MRI systems," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 59, No. 2, 360-366, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2016.2614894 Google Scholar

16. Shah, I. A., Y. Cho, and H. Yoo, "Safety evaluation of medical implants in the human body for a wireless power transfer system in an electric vehicle," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 63, No. 3, 681-691, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2020.3023734 Google Scholar

17. Shah, I. A. and H. Yoo, "Assessing human exposure with medical implants to electromagnetic fields from a wireless power transmission system in an electric vehicle," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 62, No. 2, 338-345, Apr. 2020.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2019.2903844 Google Scholar

18. Shah, I. A., A. Basir, Y. Cho, and H. Yoo, "Safety analysis of medical implants in the human head exposed to a wireless power transfer system," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 64, No. 3, 640-649, 2022.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2022.3144468 Google Scholar

19. Iqbal, A., M. Al-Hasan, I. B. Mabrouk, A. Basir, M. Nedil, and H. Yoo, "Biotelemetry and wireless powering of biomedical implants using a rectifier integrated self-diplexing implantable antenna," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 69, No. 7, 3438-3451, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2021.3065560 Google Scholar

20. Wang, T., Y. Wu, B. Li, Q. Yu, L. Xu, and S. Guan, "Design of electric vehicle's wireless power transfer system based on deep learning combined with multi-objective optimization," IEEE Trans. Compon. Pack. Manuf. Technol., Vol. 12, No. 12, 1983-1994, 2022.
doi:10.1109/TCPMT.2022.3222841 Google Scholar

21. Larbi, M., R. Trinchero, F. G. Canavero, P. Besnier, and M. Swaminathan, "Analysis of parameter variability in an integrated wireless power transfer system via partial least-squares regression," IEEE Trans. Compon. Pack. Manuf. Technol., Vol. 10, No. 11, 1795-1802, 2020.
doi:10.1109/TCPMT.2020.3002226 Google Scholar

22. Yu, Q., J. Lin, X. Ma, B. Li, L. Xu, and T. Wang, "Efficiency optimization of wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle based on improved marine predators algorithm," IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., Vol. 24, No. 7, 7847-7858, 2023.
doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3229958 Google Scholar

23. Wang, T., Q. Yu, B. Li, G. Lv, Y. Wu, and S. Guan, "Uncertainty quantification of human electromagnetic exposure from electric vehicle wireless power transfer system," IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 1-11, 2023.
doi:10.1109/TITS.2023.3287677 Google Scholar

24. Cheng, X. and V. Monebhurrun, "Application of different methods to quantify uncertainty in specific absorption rate calculation using a CAD-based mobile phone model," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 59, No. 1, 14-23, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2016.2605127 Google Scholar

25. Sobol, I. M., "Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates," Math. Comput. Simul., Vol. 55, No. 1-3, 271-280, 2001.
doi:10.1016/S0378-4754(00)00270-6 Google Scholar

26. Sudret, B., "Global sensitivity analysis using polynomial chaos expansions," Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., Vol. 93, No. 7, 964-979, 2008.
doi:10.1016/j.ress.2007.04.002 Google Scholar

27. Verma, M., J. Bassaganya-Riera, A. Leber, N. Tubau-Juni, S. Hoops, V. Abedi, X. Chen, and R. Hontecillas, "High-resolution computational modeling of immune responses in the gut," GigaScience, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2047-217X, 2019.
doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz062 Google Scholar

28. Kumar, D., A. Singh, P. Kumar, R. K. Jha, S. K. Sahoo, and V. Jha, "Sobol sensitivity analysis for risk assessment of uranium in groundwater," Environ. Geochem. Health., Vol. 42, No. 6, 1789-1801, 2020.
doi:10.1007/s10653-020-00522-5 Google Scholar

29. Bdour, T. and A. Reineix, "Global sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification of radiated susceptibility in PCB using nonintrusive polynomial chaos expansions," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 58, No. 3, 939-942, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2016.2535266 Google Scholar

30. Barati, S., N. Fatouraee, M. Nabaei, L. Petrini, F. Migliavacca, G. Luraghi, and J. F. R. Matas, "Patient-specific multi-scale design optimization of transcatheter aortic valve stents," Comput. Meth. Programs Biomed., Vol. 221, 106912-106925, 2017. Google Scholar

31. Christ, A., M. Douglas, J. Nadakuduti, and N. Kuster, "Assessing human exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless power transmission systems," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 101, No. 6, 1482-1493, 2013.
doi:10.1109/JPROC.2013.2245851 Google Scholar

32. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)," Health Phys., Vol. 99, No. 6, 818-836, 2010.
doi:10.1097/HP.0b013e3181f06c86 Google Scholar

33. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)," Health Phys., Vol. 118, No. 5, 483-524, 2020.
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001210 Google Scholar

34. Xiu, D. and G. E. Karniadakis, "The Wiener-Askey polynomial chaos for stochastic differential equations," SIAM J. Sci. Comput., Vol. 22, No. 2, 619-644, 2002.
doi:10.1137/S1064827501387826 Google Scholar

Dr. Tianhao Wang

Mr. Bo Li

Dr. Quanyi Yu

Dr. Yangyun Wu

Dr. Linlin Xu

Dr. Yaodan Chi

Dr. Baizhi Li