volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, a pioneering and innovative approach for multiple-band ridge gap waveguide (MB-RGW) based narrowband bandpass filter for satellite applications is presented. The MB-RGW represents a significant and emerging technological advancement within the domain of microwave and millimeter-wave engineering. It comprises a periodic structure that enables the propagation of electromagnetic waves along its axis. We have provided a detailed analysis of the MB-RGW, which includes its design, simulation, and experimental results. A prototype filter, designed according to specifications, was successfully produced with a fabricated circuit area measuring 42.25 mm × 76.25 mm × 8.8 mm. We demonstrate that the MB-RGW can achieve multiple bands with a single structure, making it a versatile and efficient device for a wide range of applications. We also present a detailed analysis of the factors that affect the performance of the MB-RGW, including the geometry of the ridge and the spacing between ridges. Our experimental results show that the MB-RGW can achieve high levels of attenuation and isolation, making it a promising candidate for use in microwave and millimeter-wave circuits and systems. The experimental results show S₁₁ smaller than -20 dB over relative bandwidths, and S₂₁ has a maximum of -0.6 dB. The proposed filter demonstrates four resonances at frequencies of 10.6 GHz, 12.6 GHz, 14.7 GHz, and 17.1 GHz, catering to mobile and fixed radio locations as well as satellite applications. It exhibits a fractional bandwidth of 0.44% at 3 dB in the X-Band and approximately 0.57% to 0.61% at 3 dB bandwidth in the Ku-band. The filter offers a compact, cost-effective, and easily implementable solution for satellite communication systems, including space operations, earth exploration, satellite TV broadcasting, and fixed satellite services (FSS). Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the MB-RGW and its potential for the use in a range of applications.

1. Shi, Y. and H. J. Wang, "Dual-ridge gap waveguide-based antenna with diverse beam capabilities," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 3, 774-782, 2022, doi: 10.1109/OJAP.2022.3190225.
doi:10.1109/OJAP.2022.3190225 Google Scholar

2. Chhasatia, N., J. Chaudhari, and A. Patel, "Ridge gap waveguide based band pass filter for Ku-band application," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 1, 012011, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1206/1/012011.
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1206/1/012011 Google Scholar

3. Pizarro, F., C. Sanchez-Cabello, J. L. Vazquez-Roy, and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Considerations of impedance sensitivity and losses in designing inverted microstrip gap waveguides," AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 124, 153353, 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153353 Google Scholar

4. Huang, H., Y. Wu, W. Wang, W. Feng, and Y. Shi, "Analysis of the propagation constant of a ridge gap waveguide and its application of dual-band unequal couplers," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 48, No. 12, 4163-4170, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPS.2020.3034669.
doi:10.1109/TPS.2020.3034669 Google Scholar

5. Thaher, R. H. and S. H. M. jassim, "Design of dual band elliptical microstrip antenna for satellite communication," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 928, 022066, 2020.
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022066 Google Scholar

6. Zhang, T., L. Chen, S. M. Moghaddam, A. Uz Zaman, and J. Yang, "Wideband dual-polarized array antenna on dielectric-based inverted microstrip gap waveguide," Proceedings of the 2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 1-3, Krakow, Poland, March 31-April 5, 2019. Google Scholar

7. Birgermajer, S., N. Janković, V. Crnojevic-Bengin, and V. Radonić, "Millimeter-wave dual-mode filters realized in microstrip-ridge gap waveguide technology," J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves, Vol. 40, 92-107, 2019.
doi:10.1007/s10762-018-0550-y Google Scholar

8. Wu, T., T. Zhang, and J. Huang, "Design of Ku-band size-reduced waveguide slot filter antenna loaded with metal ridges," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1325, No. 1, 012199, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1325/1/012199.
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1325/1/012199 Google Scholar

9. Ali, M. M., S. I. Shams, and A. R. Sebak, "Low loss and ultra flat rectangular waveguide harmonic coupler," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 38736-38744, 2018.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2854189 Google Scholar

10. Liu, J., J. Yang, and A. U. Zaman, "Study of dielectric loss and conductor loss among microstrip, covered microstrip and inverted microstrip gap waveguide utilizing variational method in millimeter waves," Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 1-2, Busan, Korea, October 23-26, 2018. Google Scholar

11. Rajo-Iglesias, E., M. Ferrando-Rocher, and A. U. Zaman, "Gap waveguide technology for millimeter-wave antenna systems," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 56, 14-20, 2018.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.2018.1700998 Google Scholar

12. Afolayan, B. O., T. J. Afullo, and A. Alonge, "Subtropical rain attenuation statistics on 12.6 GHz Ku-band satellite link using synthetic storm technique," SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4, 230-236, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.23919/SAIEE.2018.8538336.
doi:10.23919/SAIEE.2018.8538336 Google Scholar

13. Muchhal, N., A. Chakraborty, M. Vishwakarma, and S. Srivastava, "Slotted folded substrate integrated waveguide band pass filter with enhanced bandwidth for Ku/k band applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 70, 51-60, 2018, doi: 10.2528/PIERM18041804.
doi:10.2528/PIERM18041804 Google Scholar

14. Liu, J., A. Vosoogh, A. U. Zaman, and J. Yang, "Design and fabrication of a high-gain 60-GHz cavity-backed slot antenna array fed by inverted microstrip gap waveguide," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 65, 2117-2122, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2017.2670509 Google Scholar

15. Shams, S. I. and A. A. Kishk, "Design of 3-dB hybrid coupler based on RGW technology," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory. Tech., Vol. 65, 3849-3855, October 2017. Google Scholar

16. Kandonmez, S, O. Kolancioglu, D. H. Boyaci, M. E. Koca, and T. Imeci, "High gain perturbed pentagonal shaped diamond slotted patch antenna at 17.1 GHz," 2017 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium --- Italy (ACES), 1-2, Firenze, Italy, 2017. Google Scholar

17. Rajo-Iglesias, E. and A. A. Brazález, "5G antenna in inverted microstrip gap waveguide technology including a transition to microstrip," Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 1042-1043, Okinawa, Japan, October 24-28, 2016. Google Scholar

18. Kuralay, E. N., E. F. Uzun, O. Ates, Y. M. Sahin, and T. Imeci, "Perturbed hexagonal antenna at 14.7 GHz," 2016 IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Information Technology and Systems (ICWITS) and Applied Computational Electr, 1-2, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2016. Google Scholar

19. Huang, F., J. Zhou, and W. Hong, "Ku band continuously tunable circular cavity SIW filter with one parameter," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 26, No. 4, 270-272, April 2016, doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2016.2537785.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2016.2537785 Google Scholar

20. Patel, A., Y. Kosta, A. Vala, and R. Gosai, "Design and performance analysis of metallic posts coupled SIW-based multiband bandpass and bandstop filter," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 57, 1-5, 2015, doi: 10.1002/mop.29105. Google Scholar

21. Rhbanou, A., S. Mohamed, and S. Bri, "Design of K-band substrate integrated waveguide band-pass filter with high rejection," Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, Vol. 14, 155-169, 2015, doi: 10.1590/2179-10742015v14i2473.
doi:10.1590/2179-10742015v14i2473 Google Scholar

22. Brazález, A. A., E. Rajo-Iglesias, J. L. Vázquez-Roy, A. Vosoogh, and P. Kildal, "Design and validation of microstrip gap waveguides and their transitions to rectangular waveguide, for millimeter-wave applications," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technology, Vol. 63, 4035-4050, 2015.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2015.2495141 Google Scholar

23. Sanchez-Cabello, C. and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Optimized self-diplexed antenna in gap waveguide technology," Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 460-461, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 19-24, 2015. Google Scholar

24. Pucci, E., "Gap waveguide technology for millimeter wave applications and integration with antennas,", Ph.D. dissertation, 2013. Google Scholar

25. Kildal, P., A. U. Zaman, E. Rajo-Iglesias, E. Alfonso, and A. Valero-Nogueira, "Design and experimental verification of ridge gap waveguide in bed of nails for parallel-plate mode suppression," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 5, 262-270, 2011.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2010.0089 Google Scholar

26. Alfonso, E. and et al, "New waveguide technology for antennas and circuits," Waves Year, Vol. 3, 65-75, 2011. Google Scholar

27. Rajo-Iglesias, E., A. U. Zaman, and P. Kildal, "Parallel plate cavity mode suppression in microstrip circuit packages using a lid of nails," IEEE Microw. Wirel. Components Lett., Vol. 20, 31-33, 2010.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2009.2035960 Google Scholar

28. Zhang, Q., Y. Dong, and J. Cao, "Dual-mode bandpass filter using microstrip SIR at Ka band," Proceedings of the 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 1401-1404, Singapore, December 7-10, 2009. Google Scholar

29. Kildal, P. S., E. Alfonso, A. Valero-Nogueira, and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Local metamaterials-based waveguides in gaps between parallel metal plates," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 8, 84-87, 2009.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2008.2011147 Google Scholar

30. Kildal, P. S., "Three metamaterials-based gap waveguides between parallel metal plates for mm/submm waves," Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP, 28-32, 2009. Google Scholar

31. Sievenpiper, D., "High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces,", Ph.D. dissertation, 1999. Google Scholar

Prof. Neetirajsinh Jaydeepsinh Chhasatia

Dr. Jitendra P. Chaudhari

Professor Amit V. Patel