Vol. 148
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 148 [2024] PIERC 147 [2024] PIERC 146 [2024] PIERC 145 [2024] PIERC 144 [2024] PIERC 143 [2024] PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2024-09-25
Impact of Rainfall on 5G Millimeter Wave Channels
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 148, 97-107, 2024
Abstract
Wireless connections in 5G technology are driving the rapid growth of intelligent transport systems and vehicle communications. Wireless channels are impacted by weather, which is most noticeable in millimeter wave bands. This includes rain, fog, snow, sand, and dust. 5G networks now support diverse applications with speed and quality. In an effort to enable the use of millimeter wave frequencies, a recent study examined the impact of dust and sand on 5G channels. This paper examines the impact of heavy and frequent rainfall, along with horizontal polarization, on the propagation of millimeter waves in urban and highway settings. Using theoretical and optimization techniques, the effects of rainfall attenuation, path loss, and connection margin are evaluated at various millimeter wave frequencies. Dependencies on rainfall rate, path variation, and operating frequency are shown by the simulation results. In urban and highway situations, mean path loss and error statistics are examined with and without rainy attenuation. It is observed that the particle swarm optimization approach achieves 94% accuracy in signal propagation, which will enhance the path loss, received power and overall system performance.
Citation
Lee Loo Chuan, Mardeni Bin Roslee, Chilakala Sudhamani, Sufian Mousa Ibrahim Mitani, Athar Waseem, Anwar Faizd Osman, Fatimah Zaharah Ali, and Yasir Ullah, "Impact of Rainfall on 5G Millimeter Wave Channels," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 148, 97-107, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIERC24052501
References

1. Faruk, Nasir, Adebowale Q. Ramon, Segun I. Popoola, Abdulkarim Ayopo Oloyede, Lukman Abiodun Olawoyin, Nazmat Surajudeen-Bakinde, Abubakar Abdulkarim, and Yinusa A. Adediran, "Spectrum survey and coexistence studies in the TV, WLAN, ISM and radar bands for wireless broadband services," 2nd IEEE International Rural and Elderly Health Informatics Conference, 2018.

2. Abuajwa, Osama, Mardeni Bin Roslee, and Zubaida Binti Yusoff, "Simulated annealing for resource allocation in downlink NOMA systems in 5G networks," Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 10, 4592, 2021.

3. Mohamed, Khalid S., Mohamad Y. Alias, Mardeni Roslee, and Yusuf M. Raji, "Towards green communication in 5G systems: Survey on beamforming concept," IET Communications, Vol. 15, No. 1, 142-154, 2021.

4. Nandi, Dalia and Animesh Maitra, "Study of rain attenuation effects for 5G Mm‐wave cellular communication in tropical location," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1504-1507, 2018.

5. Zhang, Long, Hui Zhao, Shuai Hou, Zhen Zhao, Haitao Xu, Xiaobo Wu, Qiwu Wu, and Ronghui Zhang, "A survey on 5G millimeter wave communications for UAV-assisted wireless networks," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 117460-117504, 2019.

6. Ullah, Y., M. B. Roslee, S. M. Mitani, S. A. Khan, and M. H. Jusoh, "A survey on handover and mobility management in 5G HetNets: Current state, challenges, and future directions," Sensors, Vol. 23, No. 11, 5081, 2023.

7. Rehman, A. U., M. B. Roslee, and T. Jun Jiat, "A survey of handover management in mobile HetNets: Current challenges and future directions," Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 5, 3367, 2023.

8. Crane, Robert K., Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain, Wiley, 1996.

9. Lam, H. Y., L. Luini, J. Din, M. J. Alhilali, S. L. Jong, and F. Cuervo, "Impact of rain attenuation on 5G millimeter wave communication systems in equatorial Malaysia investigated through disdrometer data," 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 1793-1797, Paris, France, Mar. 2017.

10. Kourogiorgas, Charilaos, Stavros Sagkriotis, and Athanasios D. Panagopoulos, "Coverage and outage capacity evaluation in 5G millimeter wave cellular systems: impact of rain attenuation," 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 1-5, Lisbon, Portugal, Apr. 2015.

11. Zhang, Yong-Ping, Peng Wang, and Andrea Goldsmith, "Rainfall effect on the performance of millimeter-wave MIMO systems," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 14, No. 9, 4857-4866, 2015.

12. Kestwal, Mukesh Chandra, Sumit Joshi, and Lalit Singh Garia, "Prediction of rain attenuation and impact of rain in wave propagation at microwave frequency for tropical region (Uttarakhand, India)," International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology, Vol. 2014, No. 1, 958498, 2014.

13. Shrestha, Sujan and Dong-You Choi, "Rain attenuation statistics over millimeter wave bands in South Korea," Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-terrestrial Physics, Vol. 152, 1-10, 2017.

14. Roslee, Mardeni, Khazaimatol Shima Subari, and Intan Suraya Shahdan, "Design of bow tie antenna in CST studio suite below 2 GHz for ground penetrating radar applications," 2011 IEEE International RF & Microwave Conference, 430-433, Seremban, Malaysia, Dec. 2011.

15. Shayea, Ibraheem, Tharek Abd. Rahman, Marwan Hadri Azmi, and Md. Rafiqul Islam, "Real measurement study for rain rate and rain attenuation conducted over 26 GHz microwave 5G link system in Malaysia," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 19044-19064, 2018.

16. Noh, Sun-Kuk and DongYou Choi, "Propagation model in indoor and outdoor for the LTE communications," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2019, No. 1, 3134613, 2019.

17. Naseem, Zahera, Iram Nausheen, and Zahwa Mirza, "Propagation models for wireless communication system," Signal, Vol. 5, No. 01, 2018.

18. Sun, Shu, Theodore S. Rappaport, Sundeep Rangan, Timothy A. Thomas, Amitava Ghosh, Istvan Z. Kovacs, Ignacio Rodriguez, Ozge Koymen, Andrzej Partyka, and Jan Jarvelainen, "Propagation path loss models for 5G urban micro-and macro-cellular scenarios," 2016 IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 1-6, Nanjing, China, May 2016.

19. Zang, Shizhe, Ming Ding, David Smith, Paul Tyler, Thierry Rakotoarivelo, and Mohamed Ali Kaafar, "The impact of adverse weather conditions on autonomous vehicles: How rain, snow, fog, and hail affect the performance of a self-driving car," IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 2, 103-111, 2019.

20. Sharif, Sami M., "Attenuation properties of dusty media using Mie scattering solution," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 43, 9-18, 2015.

21. Musa, Abdulwaheed and Babu Sena Paul, "Prediction of electromagnetic wave attenuation in dust storms using Mie scattering," 2017 IEEE AFRICON, 603-608, Cape Town, South Africa, Sep. 2017.

22. Abuhdima, Esmail M. M., Gurcan Comert, Pierluigi Pisu, Chin-Tser Huang, Ahmed Elqaouaq, Chunheng Zhao, Shakendra Alston, Kirk Ambrose, and Jian Liu, "The effect of dust and sand on the 5G millimeter-Wave links," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), 60-65, Cleveland, OH, USA, Oct. 2021.

23. Abuhdima, Esmail, Jian Liu, Chunheng Zhao, Ahmed Elqaouaq, Gurcan Comert, Chin-Tser Huang, Pierluigi Pisu, and Amir Hossein Nazeri, "Impact of dust and sand on 5G communications for connected vehicles applications," IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, Vol. 6, 229-239, 2022.

24. Sudhamani, Chilakala, Mardeni Roslee, Jun Jiat Tiang, and Aziz Ur Rehman, "A survey on 5G coverage improvement techniques: Issues and future challenges," Sensors, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2356, 2023.

25. Tahir, Muhammad Naeem, Pekka Leviäkangas, and Marcos Katz, "Connected vehicles: V2V and V2I road weather and traffic communication using cellular technologies," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1142, 2022.

26. Dutty, Hussnin Binte Hamid and Md. Munjure Mowla, "Weather impact analysis of mmWave channel modeling for aviation backhaul networks in 5G communications," 2019 22nd International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), 1-6, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Dec. 2019.

27. Fencl, Martin, Michal Dohnal, Pavel Valtr, Martin Grabner, and Vojtěch Bareš, "Atmospheric observations with E-band microwave links–challenges and opportunities," Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 13, No. 12, 6559-6578, 2020.

28. Nymphas, E. F. and O. Ibe, "Attenuation of millimetre wave radio signal at worst hour rainfall rate in a tropical region: A case study, Nigeria," Scientific African, Vol. 16, e01158, 2022.

29. Dimce, Sigrid, Muhammad Sohaib Amjad, and Falko Dressler, "MmWave on the road: Investigating the weather impact on 60 GHz V2X communication channels," 2021 16th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services Conference (WONS), 1-8, Klosters, Switzerland, Mar. 2021.

30. Roslee, Mardeni Bin, Raja Syamsul Azmir Raja Abdullah, and Helmi Zulhaidi Shafr, "Road pavement density analysis using a new non-destructive ground penetrating radar system," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 21, 399-417, 2010.

31. Govindarajulu, Sandhiya Reddy and Elias A. Alwan, "Range optimization for DSRC and 5G millimeter-wave vehicle-to-vehicle communication link," 2019 International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT), 228-230, Miami, FL, USA, Mar. 2019.

32. Alquhali, Abdullah H., Mardeni Roslee, Mohamad Y. Alias, and Khalid S. Mohamed, "Iot based real-time vehicle tracking system," 2019 IEEE Conference on Sustainable Utilization and Development in Engineering and Technologies (CSUDET), 265-270, Miami, FL, USA, Nov. 2019.

33. Roslee, Mardeni, Abdulraqeb Alhammadi, Mohamad Yusoff Alias, Khairil Anuar, and P. U. Nmenme, "Efficient handoff spectrum scheme using fuzzy decision making in cognitive radio system," 2017 3rd International Conference on Frontiers of Signal Processing (ICFSP), 72-75, Paris, France, Sep. 2017.

34. Kordi, Khaldon Azzam, Abdulraqeb Alhammadi, Mardeni Roslee, Mohamad Yusoff Alias, and Qazwan Abdullah, "A review on wireless emerging IoT indoor localization," 2020 IEEE 5th International Symposium on Telecommunication Technologies (ISTT), 82-87, Shah Alam, Malaysia, Nov. 2020.

35. Roy, Sunanda, Jun-Jiat Tiang, Mardeni Bin Roslee, Md. Tanvir Ahmed, Abbas Z. Kouzani, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud, "Design of a highly efficient wideband multi-frequency ambient RF energy harvester," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 2, 424, 2022.

36. Roy, Sunanda, Jun Jiat Tiang, Mardeni Bin Roslee, Md. Tanvir Ahmed, Abbas Z. Kouzani, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud, "Quad-band rectenna for ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting," Sensors, Vol. 21, No. 23, 7838, 2021.

37. Chen, Yueping and Naiqi Shang, "Comparison of GA, ACO algorithm, and PSO algorithm for path optimization on free-form surfaces using coordinate measuring machines," Engineering Research Express, Vol. 3, No. 4, 045039, 2021.

38. Sooda, Kavitha and T. R. Nair, "A comparative analysis for determining the optimal path using PSO and GA," ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1407.5327, 2014.

39. Garah, Messaoud, Houcine Oudira, Lotfi Djouane, and Nazih Hamdiken, "Particle swarm optimization for the path loss reduction in suburban and rural area," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2125, 2017.

40. Alfaresi, Bengawan, Zainuddin Nawawi, and Bhakti Yudho Suprapto, "Development of path loss prediction model using feature selection-machine learning approach," International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 13, No. 10, 349-358, 2022.

41. Hashim, Huda Ali, Salim Latif Mohammed, and Sadik Kamel Gharghan, "Path loss model-based PSO for accurate distance estimation in indoor environments," Journal of Communications, Vol. 13, No. 12, 712-722, 2018.

42. Lian, Bin, Zhongcheng Wei, Xiang Sun, Zhihua Li, and Jijun Zhao, "A review on rainfall measurement based on commercial microwave links in wireless cellular networks," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 12, 4395, 2022.

43. Shayea, Ibraheem, Tharek Abd. Rahman, Marwan Hadri Azmi, and Arsany Arsad, "Rain attenuation of millimetre wave above 10 GHz for terrestrial links in tropical regions," Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, Vol. 29, No. 8, e3450, 2018.

44. Han, Congzheng, Juan Huo, Qingquan Gao, Guiyang Su, and Hao Wang, "Rainfall monitoring based on next-generation millimeter-wave backhaul technologies in a dense urban environment," Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1045, 2020.

45. Sen, Priyangshu, Jacob Hall, Michele Polese, Vitaly Petrov, Duschia Bodet, Francesco Restuccia, Tommaso Melodia, and Josep M. Jornet, "Terahertz communications can work in rain and snow: Impact of adverse weather conditions on channels at 140 GHz," Proceedings of the 6th ACM Workshop on Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Networks and Sensing Systems, 13-18, Oct. 2022.

46. Samad, Md. Abdus, Feyisa Debo Diba, and Dong-You Choi, "A survey of rain attenuation prediction models for terrestrial links --- Current research challenges and state-of-the-art," Sensors, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1207, 2021.

47. Busari, Hammed O. and Olaosebikan A. Fakolujo, "Rain attenuation prediction models in microwave and millimeter bands for satellite communication system: A review," FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology (FUOYEJET), Vol. 6, No. 1, 38-43, 2021.

48. Alozie, Emmanuel, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Ibrahim Abdullahi, Aliyu D. Usman, Nasir Faruk, Imam-Fulani Yusuf Olayinka, Kayode S. Adewole, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Haruna Chiroma, Olugbenga A. Sowande, et al. "A review on rain signal attenuation modeling, analysis and validation techniques: Advances, challenges and future direction," Sustainability, Vol. 14, No. 18, 11744, 2022.

49. Samad, Md. Abdus, Md. Razu Ahmed, and Syed Zahidur Rashid, "An overview of rain attenuation research in Bangladesh," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 23, No. 2, 902-909, 2021.

50. Imran, I. A. and S. M. Sani, "Prediction model for GSM signal attenuation in the abis interface during heavy rainfall in nigeria," International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), Vol. 23, 147-155, 2015.

51. Singh, Hitesh, Kumud Saxena, Vivek Kumar, Boncho Bonev, and Ramjee Prasad, "An empirical model for prediction of environmental attenuation of millimeter waves," Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 115, 809-826, 2020.

52. Alhilali, Manhal, Jafri Din, Michael Schönhuber, and Hong Yin Lam, "Estimation of millimeter wave attenuation due to rain using 2D video distrometer data in Malaysia," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 7, No. 1, 164-169, 2017.

53. Budalal, Asma Ali and Md. Rafiqul Islam, "Path loss models for outdoor environment --- with a focus on rain attenuation impact on short-range millimeter-wave links," E-Prime --- Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, Vol. 3, 100106, 2023.

54. Islam, Rafiqul M. D., Yusuf A. Abdulrahman, and Tharek A. Rahman, "An improved ITU-R rain attenuation prediction model over terrestrial microwave links in tropical region," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol. 2012, 1-9, 2012.

55. Series, ITU Radiowave Propagation, "Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods," Recommendation ITU-R, 838-3, 2005.

56. Dash, Shatarupa and Bharat J. R. Sahu, "Genetic algorithm based coverage optimization 5G networks," Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 5, 933-939, 2022.

57. Rec. ITU-R P.530-18 Electronic Publication, Geneva, 2022.

58. Mondal, Susovan and Dalia Nandi, "Study of path loss models in V2V mm-Wave communication," 2022 URSI Regional Conference on Radio Science (USRI-RCRS), 1-3, Dec. 2022.

59. Yu, Yu, Yang Liu, Wen-Jun Lu, and Hong-Bo Zhu, "Path loss model with antenna height dependency under indoor stair environment," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2014, No. 1, 482615, 2014.

60. Roy, Sunanda, R. Jun-Jiat Tiang, Mardeni Bin Roslee, Md. Tanvir Ahmed, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud, "Quad-band multiport rectenna for RF energy harvesting in ambient environment," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 77464-77481, 2021.